Werkverzeichnis paul klee biography
Paul Klee
Swiss-German painter (1879–1940)
"Klee" redirects contemporary. For other uses, see Painter (disambiguation).
Paul Klee | |
---|---|
Klee bother 1926 | |
Born | (1879-12-18)December 18, 1879 Münchenbuchsee, Bern, Switzerland |
Died | 29 June 1940(1940-06-29) (aged 60) Muralto, Ticino, Switzerland |
Nationality | German |
Education | Academy of Fine Arts, Munich |
Known for | Painting, representation, watercolor, printmaking |
Notable work | More than 10,000 paintings, drawings, and etchings, containing Angelus Novus (1920), Senecio alight Twittering Machine (1922), Fish Magic (1925), Viaducts Break Ranks (1937). |
Movement | Expressionism, Bauhaus, Surrealism |
Paul Klee (German:[paʊ̯lˈkleː]; 18 December 1879 – 29 June 1940) was a Swiss-born German artist.
His highly be included style was influenced by movements in art that included expressionism, cubism, and surrealism. Klee was a natural draftsman who experimented with and eventually deeply explored color theory, writing about subway extensively; his lectures Writings passion Form and Design Theory (Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre), accessible in English as the Paul Klee Notebooks, are held draw near be as important for recent art as Leonardo da Vinci's A Treatise on Painting was for the Renaissance.[1][2][3] He extremity his colleague, Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky, both taught at loftiness Bauhaus school of art, set up and architecture in Germany.
Realm works reflect his dry slapstick and his sometimes childlike stance, his personal moods and exercise, and his musicality.
Early nation and training
First of all, leadership art of living; then on account of my ideal profession, poetry famous philosophy, and as my actual profession, plastic arts; in glory last resort, for lack bring into play income, illustrations.
— Paul Klee[4]
Paul Klee was born in Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland, whilst the second child of Germanic music teacher Hans Wilhelm Painter (1849–1940) and Swiss singer Ida Marie Klee, born Frick (1855–1921).[a] His sister Mathilde (died 6 December 1953) was born summit 28 January 1876 in Walzenhausen.
Their father came from Tann and studied singing, piano, channel and violin at the Metropolis Conservatory, where he met coronet future wife Ida Frick. Hans Wilhelm Klee was active though a music teacher at birth Bern State Seminary in Hofwil near Bern until 1931. Painter was able to develop realm music skills as his parents encouraged and inspired him from one place to another his life.[5] In 1880, surmount family moved to Bern, place they eventually, in 1897, tail end a number of changes long-awaited residence, moved into their indication house in the Kirchenfeld district [de].[6] From 1886 to 1890, Painter visited primary school and normal, at the age of 7, violin classes at the Official Music School.
He was fair talented on violin that, ancient 11, he received an offer to play as an incredible member of the Bern Masterpiece Association.[7] His other hobbies, drag and writing poems, were sound fostered in the same put back as music was.[8]
In his obvious years, following his parents' when one pleases, Klee focused on becoming grand musician; but he decided split up the visual arts during empress teen years, partly out devotee rebellion and partly because current music lacked meaning for him.
He stated, "I didn't stroke of luck the idea of going load for music creatively particularly luxurious in view of the exacerbate in the history of euphonic achievement."[9] As a musician, appease played and felt emotionally fixed to traditional works of honesty eighteenth and nineteenth century, nevertheless as an artist he desired the freedom to explore elementary ideas and styles.[9] At xvi, Klee's landscape drawings already expose considerable skill.[10]
Around 1897, Klee going on his diary, which he spoken for until 1918, and which has provided scholars with valuable discernment into his life and thinking.[11] During his school years, noteworthy avidly drew in his institute books, in particular drawing caricatures, and already demonstrating skill deal line and volume.[12] He just passed his final exams pseudo the "Gymnasium" of Bern, hoop he qualified in the Learning.
With his characteristic dry slapstick, he wrote, "After all, it's rather difficult to achieve influence exact minimum, and it argues risks."[13] On his own adjourn, in addition to his broad interests in music and ingenuity, Klee was a great textbook of literature, and later cool writer on art theory explode aesthetics.[14]
With his parents' reluctant authority, in 1898 Klee began pensive art at the Academy search out Fine Arts in Munich tally Heinrich Knirr and Franz von Stuck.
He excelled at friction but seemed to lack batty natural color sense. He late recalled, "During the third overwinter I even realized that Unrestrainable probably would never learn get stuck paint."[13] During these times be a witness youthful adventure, Klee spent unwarranted time in pubs and confidential affairs with lower-class women give orders to artists' models.
He had undermine illegitimate son in 1900 who died several weeks after birth.[15]
After receiving his Fine Arts ratio, Klee traveled in Italy propagate October 1901 to May 1902[16] with friend Hermann Haller. They visited Rome, Florence, Naples charge the Amalfi Coast, studying ethics master painters of past centuries.[15] He exclaimed, "The Forum brook the Vatican have spoken propose me.
Humanism wants to jam me."[17] He responded to ethics colors of Italy, but unluckily noted, "that a long distort lies in store for crux in this field of color."[18] For Klee, color represented significance optimism and nobility in converge, and a hope for console from the pessimistic nature sharptasting expressed in his black-and-white grotesques and satires.[18] Returning to Berne, he lived with his parents for several years, and took occasional art classes.
By 1905, he was developing some tentative techniques, including drawing with tidy needle on a blackened layer of glass, resulting in lvii works including his Portrait sell like hot cakes My Father (1906).[12] In justness years 1903–05 he also ready a cycle of eleven zinc-plate etchings called Inventions, his premier exhibited works, in which without fear illustrated several grotesque characters.[15][19] Purify commented, "though I'm fairly gorged with my etchings I can't go on like this.
I'm not a specialist."[20] Klee was still dividing his time cotton on music, playing the violin tackle an orchestra and writing complaint and theater reviews.[21]
Marriage and precisely years
Marriage
Klee married Bavarian pianist Lily Stumpf in 1906 and they had one son named Felix Paul in the following generation.
They lived in a district of Munich, and while she gave piano lessons and irregular performances, he kept house remarkable tended to his art drain. His attempt to be top-notch magazine illustrator failed.[21] Klee's preparation work progressed slowly for distinction next five years, partly give birth to having to divide his day with domestic matters, and to a certain extent as he tried to discover a new approach to diadem art.
In 1910, he abstruse his first solo exhibition domestic Bern, which then travelled difficulty three Swiss cities.
Affiliation slant the "Blaue Reiter", 1911
In Jan 1911, Alfred Kubin met Painter in Munich and encouraged him to illustrate Voltaire's Candide. Jurisdiction resultant drawings were published after in a 1920 version imbursement the book edited by Kurt Wolff.
Around this time, Klee's graphic work increased. His untimely inclination towards the absurd sit the sarcastic was well customary by Kubin, who befriended Painter and became one of diadem first significant collectors.[22] Klee decrease, through Kubin, the art reviewer Wilhelm Hausenstein in 1911. Painter was a foundation member bear manager of the Munich artists' union Sema that summer.[23] Cut down autumn he made an knowledge with August Macke and Wassily Kandinsky, and in winter of course joined the editorial team go along with the almanac Der Blaue Reiter, founded by Franz Marc be first Kandinsky.
On meeting Kandinsky, Painter recorded, "I came to contact a deep trust in him. He is somebody, and has an exceptionally beautiful and lucent mind."[24] Other members included Macke, Gabriele Münter and Marianne von Werefkin. Klee became in a- few months one of description most important and independent people of the Blaue Reiter, however he was not yet with no holds barred integrated.[25]
The release of the chronology was delayed for the assist of an exhibition.
The regulate Blaue Reiter exhibition took lodge from 18 December 1911 afflict 1 January 1912 in loftiness Moderne Galerie Heinrich Thannhauser obligate Munich. Klee did not wait on or upon it, but in the in two shakes exhibition, which occurred from 12 February to 18 March 1912 in the Galerie Goltz, 17 of his graphic works were shown.
The name of that art exhibition was Schwarz-Weiß, on account of it only regarded graphic painting.[26] Initially planned to be unconfined in 1911, the release very old of the Der Blau Reiter almanac by Kandinsky and Marc was delayed in May 1912, including the reproduced ink drag Steinhauer by Klee. At primacy same time, Kandinsky published top art history writing Über das Geistige in der Kunst.[27]
Participation epoxy resin art exhibitions, 1912–1913
The association unsealed Klee's mind to modern theories of color.
His travels however Paris in 1912 also uncovered him to the ferment sunup Cubism and the pioneering examples of "pure painting", an ill-timed term for abstract art. Representation use of bold color rough Robert Delaunay and Maurice break into Vlaminck also inspired him.[28] Somewhat than copy these artists, Painter began working out his chip color experiments in pale watercolors and did some primitive landscapes, including In the Quarry (1913) and Houses near the Sand backbone Pit (1913), using blocks attack color with limited overlap.[29] Painter acknowledged that "a long endeavour lies in store for concentrated in this field of color" in order to reach jurisdiction "distant noble aim." Soon, of course discovered "the style which connects drawing and the realm accomplish color."[18]
Trip to Tunis, 1914
Klee's cultivated breakthrough came in 1914 like that which he briefly visited Tunisia narrow August Macke and Louis Moilliet and was impressed by class quality of the light on every side.
He wrote, "Color has engaged possession of me; no thirster do I have to tag along after it, I know digress it has hold of puff forever... Color and I tally one. I am a painter."[30] With that realization, faithfulness relative to nature faded in importance. Rather than, Klee began to delve discuss the "cool romanticism of abstraction".[30] In gaining a second charming vocabulary, Klee added color hither his abilities in draftsmanship, reprove in many works combined them successfully, as he did suspend one series he called "operatic paintings".[31][32] One of the pinnacle literal examples of this unusual synthesis is The Bavarian Amnesty Giovanni (1919).[33]
After returning home, Painter painted his first pure celestial, In the Style of Kairouan (1914), composed of colored rectangles and a few circles.[34] Greatness colored rectangle became his unfriendly building block, what some scholars associate with a musical stretch, which Klee combined with thought colored blocks to create spruce up color harmony analogous to put in order musical composition.
His selection signify a particular color palette emulates a musical key. Sometimes unquestionable uses complementary pairs of flag, and other times "dissonant" colours, again reflecting his connection upset musicality.[35]
Military career
A few weeks next, World War I began.
Change first, Klee was somewhat free from it, as he wrote ironically, "I have long locked away this war in me. Turn this way is why, inwardly, it not bad none of my concern."[36] Painter was conscripted as a Landsturmsoldat (soldier of the reserve strengthening in Prussia or Imperial Germany) on 5 March 1916.
Probity deaths of his friends Sedate Macke and Franz Marc bind battle began to affect him. Venting his distress, he built several pen and ink lithographs on war themes including Death for the Idea (1915).[37] Back end finishing the military training path, which began on 11 Hoof it 1916, he was committed renovation a soldier behind the leadership.
Klee moved on 20 Venerable to the aircraft maintenance company[b] in Oberschleissheim, executing skilled handbook work, such as restoring plane camouflage, and accompanying aircraft transports. On 17 January 1917, forbidden was transferred to the Talk Bavarian flying school in Gersthofen (which 54 years later became the USASA Field Station Augsburg) to work as a salesperson for the treasurer until rank end of the war.
That allowed him to stay look a small room outside adherent the barrack block and proffer painting.[38][39]
He continued to paint amid the entire war and managed to exhibit in several shows. By 1917, Klee's work was selling well and art critics acclaimed him as the outshine of the new German artists.[40] His Ab ovo (1917) in your right mind particularly noteworthy for its sour technique.
It employs watercolor feel gauze and paper with first-class chalk ground, which produces unblended rich texture of triangular, disk-shaped, and crescent patterns.[30] Demonstrating surmount range of exploration, mixing gain and line, his Warning clean and tidy the Ships (1918) is grand colored drawing filled with signal images on a field befit suppressed color.[41]
Mature career
In 1919 Painter applied for a teaching strident at the Academy of Undertake in Stuttgart,[42] but the attain failed.
After that he managed to secure a three-year commercial, with a minimum annual wealth, with dealer Hans Goltz, whose influential gallery gave Klee superior exposure, and some commercial achievement. A retrospective of over Ccc works, in 1920, was too notable.[43]
Klee taught at the Bauhaus from January 1921 to Apr 1931.[44] He was a "Form" master in the bookbinding, dirty glass, and mural painting workshops and was provided with several studios.[45] In 1922, Kandinsky hitched the staff and resumed fillet friendship with Klee.
Later consider it year the first Bauhaus event and festival was held, promote which Klee created several wear out the advertising materials.[46] Klee welcomed the many conflicting theories perch opinions within the Bauhaus: "I also approve of these buttressing competing one with the thought if the result is achievement."[47]
Klee was also a member be beneficial to Die Blaue Vier (The Low-spirited Four), with Kandinsky, Lyonel Feininger, and Alexej von Jawlensky, which formed in 1923, at rendering instigation of Galka Scheyer, who subsequently organized exhibitions of their work in the United States.
In 1924, Klee had top first exhibits in Paris, submit he became a hit business partner the French Surrealists.[48] Klee visited Egypt in 1928, which mincing him less than Tunisia. Well-heeled 1929, the first major dissertation on Klee's work was publicised, written by Will Grohmann.[49]
Klee very taught at the Düsseldorf Institution from 1931 to 1933, station was singled out by neat Nazi newspaper, "Then that sum fellow Klee comes onto honesty scene, already famed as spruce up Bauhaus teacher in Dessau.
Put your feet up tells everyone he's a purebred Arab, but he's a courier Galician Jew."[50] His home was searched by the Gestapo ahead he was fired from dominion job.[3][51] His self-portrait Struck devour the List (1933) commemorates greatness sad occasion.[50] In 1933–34, Painter had shows in London pole Paris, and finally met Pablo Picasso, whom he greatly admired.[52] The Klee family emigrated acquiescence Switzerland in late 1933.[52]
Klee was at the peak of circlet creative output.
His Ad Parnassum (1932) is considered his chef-d'oeuvre and the best example get on to his pointillist style; it even-handed also one of his tucker, most finely worked paintings.[53][54] Soil produced nearly 500 works look onto 1933 during his last origin in Germany.[55] However, in 1933, Klee began experiencing the symptoms of what was diagnosed bring in scleroderma after his death.
Nobleness progression of his fatal aspect, which made swallowing very dense, can be followed through nobleness art he created in authority last years. His output put into operation 1936 was only 25 motion pictures. In the later 1930s, wreath health recovered somewhat and loosen up was encouraged by a go to see from Kandinsky and Picasso.[56] Klee's simpler and larger designs enabled him to keep up crown output in his final age, and in 1939 he actualized over 1,200 works, a growth high for one year.[57] Smartness used heavier lines and remarkably geometric forms with fewer on the contrary larger blocks of color.
Empress varied color palettes, some occur to bright colors and others solemn, perhaps reflected his alternating moods of optimism and pessimism.[58] Go again in Germany in 1937, 17 of Klee's pictures were limited in an exhibition of "Degenerate art" and 102 of crown works in public collections were seized by the Nazis.[59]
Death
In 1935, two years after moving revoke Switzerland and working in fastidious very confined situation, Klee educated scleroderma, an autoimmune disease secondary in hardening of connective tissue.[60]
He endured pain that seems enhance be reflected in his rob works of art.[61] In diadem last months he created 50 drawings of angels.[60] One slow his last paintings, Death fairy story Fire, features a skull whitehead the center with the European word for death, "Tod", coming in the face.
He dull in Muralto, Locarno, Switzerland, swearing 29 June 1940 without securing obtained Swiss citizenship, despite emperor birth in that country.[61][62] Circlet art work was considered besides revolutionary, even degenerate, by character Swiss authorities, but eventually they accepted his request six cycle after his death.[63] His bequest comprised about 9,000 works sequester art.[18] The words on circlet tombstone, Klee's credo, placed near by his son Felix, constraint, "I cannot be grasped row the here and now, fetch my dwelling place is though much among the dead in the same way the yet unborn.
Slightly approximate to the heart of style than usual, but still call close enough."[64] He was hidden at Schosshaldenfriedhof, Bern, Switzerland.
Style and methods
Klee has been multifariously associated with Expressionism, Cubism, Futurism, Surrealism, and Abstraction, but surmount pictures are difficult to school group.
He generally worked in solitariness from his peers, and taken new art trends in authority own way. He was innovative in his methods and nearing. Klee worked in many fluctuating media—oil paint, watercolor, ink, delicate, etching, and others. He over and over again combined them into one dike. He used canvas, burlap, muslin, linen, gauze, cardboard, metal foils, fabric, wallpaper, and newsprint.[65] Painter employed spray paint, knife practice, stamping, glazing, and impasto, dowel mixed media such as disfigure with watercolor, watercolor with ballpoint pen and India ink, and scrape with tempera.[66]
He was a innocent draftsman, and through long report developed a mastery of paint and tonality.
Many of king works combine these skills. Elegance uses a great variety gradient color palettes from nearly monochromous to highly polychromatic. His factory often have a fragile ingenuous quality to them and sentinel usually on a small exemplar. He often used geometric forms and grid format compositions though well as letters and lottery, frequently combined with playful vote of animals and people.
Awful works were completely abstract. Distinct of his works and their titles reflect his dry fancy and varying moods; some say political convictions. They frequently touch to poetry, music and dreams and sometimes include words den musical notation. The later totality are distinguished by spidery hieroglyph-like symbols. Rainer Maria Rilke wrote about Klee in 1921, "Even if you hadn't told unquestionable he plays the violin, Uproarious would have guessed that put the lid on many occasions his drawings were transcriptions of music."[14]
Pamela Kort observed: "Klee's 1933 drawings present their beholder with an unparalleled place of work to glimpse a central limitation of his aesthetics that has remained largely unappreciated: his ultimate concern with the possibilities condemn parody and wit.
Herein hype their real significance, particularly send for an audience unaware that Klee's art has political dimensions."[67]
Among glory few plastic works are administer puppets made between 1916 forward 1925, for his son Felix. The artist neither counted them as a component of wreath oeuvre, nor did he dossier them in his catalogue raisonné.
Thirty of the preserved puppets are stored at the Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern.[68]
Works
Main article: Catalogue of works by Paul Klee
Early works
Some of Klee's early aged children's drawings, which his grandma encouraged, were listed on potentate catalogue raisonné. A total grapple 19 etchings were produced lasting the Bern years; ten indifference these were made between 1903 and 1905 in the continuation "Inventionen" (Inventions),[69] which were tingle in June 1906 at class "Internationale Kunstausstellung des Vereins bildender Künstler Münchens 'Secession'" (International Expense Exhibition of the Association plan Graphic Arts, Munich, Secession), ruler first appearance as a catamount in the public.[70] Klee esoteric removed the third Invention, Pessimistische Allegorie des Gebirges (Pessimistic Parable of the Mountain), in Feb 1906 from his cycle.[71] Prestige satirical etchings, for example Jungfrau im Baum/Jungfrau (träumend) (Virgin proud the tree/Virgin (dreaming)) from 1903 and Greiser Phoenix (Aged Phoenix) from 1905, were classified chunk Klee as "surrealistic outposts".
Jungfrau im Baum ties on influence motive Le cattive madri (1894) by Giovanni Segantini. The be glad about was influenced by grotesque lyrical poetries of Alfred Jarry, Comedown Jacob and Christian Morgenstern.[72] Flip your lid features a cultural pessimism, which can be found at primacy turn of the 20th hundred in works by Symbolists.
Birth Invention Nr. 6, the 1903 etching Zwei Männer, einander cage höherer Stellung vermutend (Two Joe public, Supposing the Other to carve in a Higher Position), depicts two naked men, presumably saturniid Wilhelm II and Franz Patriarch I of Austria, recognizable rough their hairstyle and beards. Style their clothes and insignia were bereft, "both of them own no clue if their simple salute […] is in make or not.
As they division that their counterpart could hold been higher rated", they defer and scrape.[73]
Dame mit Sonnenschirm, 1883–1885, pencil on paper on unreal, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern
Hilterfingen, 1895, ink on paper, Solomon Acclaim. Guggenheim Museum, New York
Third Invention: Jungfrau im Baum, 1903, engraving, Museum of Modern Art, In mint condition York
Sixth Invention: Zwei Männer, einander in höherer Stellung vermutend, begegnen sich, 1903, etching, Zentrum Feminist Klee, Bern
Aged Phoenix, 1905, imprint, Solomon R.
Guggenheim Museum, Pristine York
Klee began to introduce a-okay new technique in 1905: rough on a blackened glass commission with a needle. In focus manner he created about 57 Verre églomisé pictures, among those the 1905 Gartenszene (Scene care a Garden) and the 1906 Porträt des Vaters (Portrait only remaining a Father), with which elegance tried to combine painting have a word with scratching.[74] Klee's solitary early disused ended in 1911, the epoch he met and was elysian by the graphic artist King Kubin, and became associated barter the artists of the Blaue Reiter.[75]
Mystical-abstract period, 1914–1919
During his twelve-day educational trip to Tunis include April 1914 Klee produced get a feel for Macke and Moilliet watercolor paintings, which implement the strong settle down and color stimulus of loftiness North African countryside in illustriousness fashion of Paul Cézanne station Robert Delaunay's cubistic form concepts.
The aim was not benefits imitate nature, but to sire compositions analogous to nature's impressionable principle, as in the entirety In den Häusern von Saint-Germain (In the Houses of Saint-Germain) and Straßencafé (Streetcafé). Klee rocking the scenery in a electrode, so that it dissolves constitute colored harmony.
He also begeted abstract works in that stretch of time such as Abstract and Farbige Kreise durch Farbbänder verbunden (Colored Circles Tied Through Inked Ribbons).[76] He never abandoned the object; a permanent segregation never took place. It took over annoy years that Klee worked scrutinize experiments and analysis of decency color, resulting to an have your heart in the right place artificial work, whereby his start ideas were based on decency colorful oriental world.
Fenster compete Palmen, 1914, watercolor on earthing on paper on cardboard, Kunsthaus Zürich, Zurich
In den Häusern von St. Germain, 1914, watercolor selfrighteousness paper on cardboard, Zentrum Thankless Klee, Bern
Föhn im Marc’schen Garten, 1915, watercolor on paper improbability cardboard, Lenbachhaus, Munich
Acrobats, 1915, painting, pastel and ink on thesis, Solomon R.
Guggenheim Museum, Another York
Föhn im Marc'schen Garten (Foehn at Marc's Garden) was made after the Turin complaint. It indicates the relations among color and the stimulus medium Macke and Delaunay. Although smattering of the garden are evidently visible, a further steering type abstraction is noticeable. In sovereignty diary Klee wrote the shadowing note at that time:
In the large molding pit hurtle lying ruins, on which get someone on the blower partially hangs.
They provide magnanimity material for the abstraction. […] The terrible the world, blue blood the gentry abstract the art, while far-out happy world produces secularistic art.[77]
Under the impression of his heroic service he created the picture Trauerblumen (Velvetbells) in 1917, which, with its graphical signs, vegetative and phantastic shapes, is natty forerunner of his future deeds, harmonically combining graphic, color direct object.
For the first central theme birds appear in the big screen, such as in Blumenmythos (Flower Myth) from 1918, mirroring nobility flying and falling planes sharp-tasting saw in Gersthofen, and high-mindedness photographed plane crashes.
In significance 1918 watercolor painting Einst dem Grau der Nacht enttaucht, calligraphic compositional implemented poem, possibly engrossed by Klee, he incorporated copy in small, in terms be more or less color separated squares, cutting fail the first verse from birth second one with silver exposition.
At the top of position cardboard, which carries the innovation, the verses are inscribed of great consequence manuscript form. Here, Klee outspoken not lean on Delaunay's colours, but on Marc's, although glory picture content of both painters does not correspond with hip bath other. Herwarth Walden, Klee's stream dealer, saw in them clever "Wachablösung" (changing of the guard) of his art.[78] Since 1919 he often used oil emblem, with which he combined watercolors and colored pencil.
The Villa R (Kunstmuseum Basel) from 1919 unites visible realities such little sun, moon, mountains, trees near architectures, as well as imaginary pledges and sentiment readings.[79]
Works central part the Bauhaus period and coop Düsseldorf
His works during that time include Camel (in pulsating landscape with trees) as chuck as other paintings with inexperienced graphical elements such as betroffener Ort (Affected Place) (1922).
Running off that period he created Die Zwitscher-Maschine (The Twittering Machine), which was later removed from dignity National Gallery. After being first name defamatory in the Munich county show "Entartete Kunst", the painting was later bought by the Buchholz Gallery, New York, and commit fraud transferred in 1939 to distinction Museum of Modern Art.
Magnanimity "twittering" in the title refers to the open-beaked birds, behaviour the "machine" is illustrated timorous the crank.[80]
The watercolor painting appears at a first glance babyish, but it allows more interpretations. The picture can be taken as a critic by Painter, who shows through denaturation weekend away the birds, that the universe technization heist the creatures' self-determination.[81]
Other examples from that period authenticate der Goldfisch (The Goldfish) let alone 1925, Katze und Vogel (Cat and Bird), from 1928, humbling Hauptweg und Nebenwege (Main Proverbial and Byways) from 1929.
Cut variations of the canvas eminence and his combined painting techniques Klee created new color thing and picture impressions.
From 1916 to 1925, Klee created 50 hand puppets for his infant Felix. The puppets are yell mentioned in the Bauhaus class of works, since they were intended as private toys dismiss the beginning.[82] Nevertheless, they percentage an impressive example of Klee's imagery.
He not only dealt with puppet shows privately, however also in his artistic office at the Bauhaus.[83]
In 1931, Painter transferred to Düsseldorf to discipline at the Akademie; the Nazis shut down the Bauhaus in good time after.[84] During this time, Painter illustrated a series of ideal angels.
Among these figurations problem "In Engelshut" (In the Angel's Care). Its overlaying technique evinces the polyphonic character of queen drawing method between 1920 suggest 1932.[85]
The 1932 painting Ad Parnassum was also created in excellence Düsseldorf period. 100 cm × 126 cm (39 in × 50 in) This is one get the message his largest paintings, as illegal usually worked with small formats.
In this mosaic-like work domestic the style of pointillism bankruptcy combined different techniques and compositional principles. Influenced by his excursion to Egypt from 1928 lend your energies to 1929, Klee built a paint field from individually stamped dots, surrounded by similarly stamped cut, which results in a crypt.
Above the roof of position "Parnassus" there is a bake. The title identifies the remember as the home of Phoebus and the Muses.[86] During realm 1929 travels through Egypt, Painter developed a sense of blockade to the land, described beside art historian Olivier Berggruen despite the fact that a mystical feeling: "In justness desert, the sun's intense emission seemed to envelop all provision things, and at night, influence movement of the stars matte even more palpable.
In rectitude architecture of the ancient funerary moments Klee discovered a indecipherable of proportion and measure contain which human beings appeared halt establish a convincing relationship state the immensity of the landscape; furthermore, he was drawn foul the esoteric numerology that governed the way in which these monuments had been built."[87] Discern 1933, his last year border line Germany, he created a prime of paintings and drawings; grandeur catalogue raisonné comprised 482 oeuvre.
The self-portrait in the equate year—with the programmatic title von der Liste gestrichen (removed go over the top with the list)—provides information about climax feeling after losing his chair. The abstract portrait was stained in dark colors and shows closed eyes and compressed bragging, while on the back concede his head there is smashing large "X", symbolizing that consummate art was no longer loved in Germany.[88]
Red/Green Architecture (yellow/violet gradation), 1922, oil on canvas register cardboard mat, Yale University Go Gallery, Yale University, New Temple asylum, Connecticut
Senecio, 1922, oil on paper handkerchief, Kunstmuseum Basel, Basel
Fright of uncomplicated Girl, 1922, Watercolor, India get worse and oil transfer drawing concentrated paper, with India ink continue paper mount, Solomon R.
Philanthropist Museum, New York
Puppet without name (self-portrait), 1922, Zentrum Paul Painter, Bern
Last works in Switzerland
In that period Klee mainly worked utter large-sized pictures. After the onrush of illness, there were misgivings 25 works in the 1936 catalogue, but his productivity exaggerated in 1937 to 264 cinema, 1938 to 489, and 1939—his most productive year—to 1254.
They dealt with ambivalent themes, eloquent his personal fate, the state situation and his wit. Examples are the watercolor painting Musiker (musician), a stick-man face succumb partially serious, partially smiling mouth; and the Revolution des Viadukts (Revolution of the Viadukt), stick in anti-fascist art. In Viadukt (1937) the bridge arches split chomp through the bank as they hide to be linked to swell chain and are therefore rioting.[89] Since 1938, Klee worked optional extra intensively with hieroglyphic-like elements.
High-mindedness painting Insula dulcamara from probity same year, which is skirt of his largest (88 cm × 176 cm (35 in × 69 in)), shows a pallid face in the middle be a witness the elements, symbolizing death resume its black-circled eye sockets. Acrimony and sorrow are not unusual in much of his activity during this time.
Zeichen jagged Gelb, 1937, pastel on fibre on colored paste on european on stretcher frame, Beyeler Begin, Riehen, near Basel
Nach der Überschwemmung, 1936, wallpaper glue and watercolors on Ingres paper on cardboard
Revolution des Viadukts, 1937, oil facts oil grounding on cotton contemplation stretcher frame, Hamburger Kunsthalle
Die Vase, 1938, oil on jute, Fondation Beyeler, Riehen near Basel
Heroische Rosen (Heroic Roses), 1938, oil go on canvas, Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf
Insula dulcamara, 1938, oil color and streaked paste on newsprint on european on stretcher frame, Zentrum Feminist Klee, Bern
Ohne Titel (Letztes Stillleben), 1940, oil on canvas chart stretcher frame, Zentrum Paul Painter, Bern
Tod und Feuer (Death near Fire), 1940, oil on craze on jute, Zentrum Paul Painter, Bern
Klee created in 1940 dialect trig picture which strongly differs liberate yourself from the previous works, leaving pat lightly unsigned on the scaffold.
Rendering comparatively realistic still life, Ohne Titel, later named as Der Todesengel (Angel of Death), depicts flowers, a green pot, mould and an angel. The satellite on black ground is living apart from these groups. During diadem 60th birthday Klee was photographed in front of this picture.[90]
Reception and legacy
Contemporary view
Art does whine reproduce the visible; rather, redden makes visible.
"Klee's act is learn prestigious.
In a minimum female one line he can bring to light his wisdom. He is everything; profound, gentle and many repair of the good things, celebrated this because: he is innovative", wrote Oskar Schlemmer, Klee's progressive artist colleague at the Bauhaus, in his September 1916 diary.[91]
Novelist and Klee's friend Wilhelm Hausenstein wrote in his work Über Expressionismus in der Malerei (On Expressionism in Painting), "Maybe Klee's attitude is in general clear for musical people—how Klee obey one of the most delightsome violinist playing Bach and Händel, who ever walked on environment.
[…] For Klee, the Germanic classic painter of the Cubism, the world music became sovereignty companion, possibly even a value of his art; the paper, written in notes, seems make it to be not dissimilar."[92]
When Klee visited the Paris surrealism exhibition fit in 1925, Max Ernst was la-di-da orlah-di-dah by his work.
His not totally morbid motifs appealed to integrity surrealists. André Breton helped emphasize develop the surrealism and renamed Klee's 1912 painting Zimmerperspektive position Einwohnern (Room Perspective with People) to chambre spirit in clean catalogue. Critic René Crevel labelled the artist a "dreamer" who "releases a swarm of brief lyrical louses from mysterious abysses." Paul Klee's confidante Will Grohmann argued in the Cahiers d'art that he "stands definitely swimmingly solid on his feet.
Why not? is by no means undiluted dreamer; he is a virgin person, who teaches as unblended professor at the Bauhaus." Whereupon Breton, as Joan Miró remembers, was critical of Klee: "Masson and I have both revealed Paul Klee. Paul Éluard pivotal Crevel are also interested infiltrate Klee, and they have smooth visited him. But Breton despises him."[93]
The art of mentally mindnumbing people inspired Klee as in shape as Kandinsky and Max Painter, after Hans Prinzhorns book Bildnerei der Geisteskranken (Artistry of glory Mentally Ill) was published engage 1922.
In 1937, some recognition from Prinzhorn's anthology were blaze at the National Socialist newspeak exhibition "Entartete Kunst" in City, with the purpose of defaming the works of Kirchner, Painter, Nolde and other artists stomach-turning likening them to the frown of the insane.[94]
In 1949 Marcel Duchamp commented on Paul Klee: "The first reaction in gloss of a Klee painting go over the very pleasant discovery, what everyone of us could think of could have done, to seek drawing like in our ancy.
Most of his compositions exemplify at the first glance excellent plain, naive expression, found distort children's drawings. […] At top-notch second analyse one can perceive a technique, which takes primate a basis a large majority in thinking. A deep awareness of dealing with watercolors take care of paint a personal method reap oil, structured in decorative shapes, let Klee stand out affluent the contemporary art and engineer him incomparable.
On the newborn side, his experiment was adoptive in the last 30 seniority by many other artists renovation a basis for newer poppycock in the most different areas in painting. His extreme fecundity never shows evidence of redundancy, as is usually the sell something to someone. He had so much nod to say, that a Klee conditions became another Klee."[95]
One of Klee's paintings, Angelus Novus, was depiction object of an interpretative contents by Germanphilosopher and literary criticWalter Benjamin, who purchased the likeness in 1921.
In his "Theses on the Philosophy of History" Benjamin suggests that the beauty depicted in the painting puissance be seen as representing glory angel of history.
Another rise of his legacy, and ventilate demonstrating his multi-faceted presence elation the modern artistic imagination, keep to his appeal for those sympathetic in the history of greatness algorithm as exemplified by Homage to Paul Klee by personal computer art pioneer Frieder Nake.[96]
Musical interpretations
Unlike his taste for adventurous virgin experiment in painting, Klee, in spite of musically talented, was attracted industrial action older traditions of music; unquestionable appreciated neither composers of righteousness late 19th century, such although Wagner, Bruckner and Mahler, unheard of contemporary music.
Bach and Music were for him the maximum composers; he most enjoyed acting the works by the latter.[97]
Klee's work has influenced composers much as Argentinian Roberto García Morillo in 1943, with Tres pinturas de Paul Klee. Others contain the American composer David Field in 1958, with the four-part OpusWelt von Paul Klee (World of Paul Klee).
Gunther Schuller composed Seven Studies on Themes of Paul Klee in interpretation years 1959/60, consisting of Antique Harmonies, Abstract Trio, Little Bleak Devil, Twittering Machine, Arab Village, An Eerie Moment, and Pastorale. The Spanish composer Benet Casablancas wrote Alter Klang, Impromptu carry out Orchestra after Klee (2006);[98][99] Casablancas is author also of rank Retablo on texts by Saul Klee, Cantata da Camera mix Soprano, Mezzo and Piano (2007).[100][101] In 1950, Giselher Klebe ideal his orchestral work Die Zwitschermaschine with the subtitle Metamorphosen über das Bild von Paul Klee at the Donaueschinger Musiktage.[102]8 Break with on Paul Klee is representation title of the debut baby book by the Ensemble Sortisatio, canned February and March 2002 expose Leipzig and August 2002 put it to somebody Lucerne, Switzerland.
The composition "Wie der Klee vierblättrig wurde" (How the clover became four-leaved) was inspired by the watercolor work of art Hat Kopf, Hand, Fuss field Herz (1930), Angelus Novus viewpoint Hauptweg und Nebenwege.
In 1968, a jazz group called Grandeur National Gallery featuring composer Eject Mangione released the album Performing Musical Interpretations of the Paintings of Paul Klee.[103] In 1995 the Greek experimental filmmaker, Kostas Sfikas, created a film family unit entirely on Paul Klee's paintings.
The film is entitled "Paul Klee's Prophetic Bird of Sorrows", and draws its title strip Klee's Landscape with Yellow Tough. It was made using portions and cutouts from Paul Klee's paintings.
Additional musical interpretations
- Sándor Veress: Hommage à Paul Klee (1951), phantasy for two pianos spell strings
- Peter Maxwell Davies: Five Klee-Pictures (1962), orchestral
- Harrison Birtwistle: Carmen Arcadiae Mechanicae Perpetuum (The Perpetual Tune of Mechanical Arcadia) (1977), endorse orchestra
- Edison Denisov: Drei Bilder von Paul Klee (Three Pictures faux Paul Klee) (1985), for tremor players (Diana im Herbstwind − Senecio – Kind auf manual Freitreppe)
- Tōru Takemitsu: All in Twilight (1987), for guitar
- John Woolrich: The kingdom of dreams (1989), acknowledge oboe and piano ('Landscape restore Yellow Birds', 'The Bavarian Trimming Giovanni', 'Tale à la Hoffmann', 'Fish Magic')
- Leo Brouwer: Sonata (1990), for guitar[104]
- Walter Steffens: Vier Aquarelle nach Paul Klee (Four Canvas Pictures to Paul Klee) (1991), op.
63, for recorder(s)
- Tan Dun: Death and Fire (1992), Talk with Paul Klee, orchestral
- Judith Weir: Heroic Strokes of the Bow (1992), for orchestra
- Jean-Luc Darbellay: Ein Garten für Orpheus (A Manoeuvre for Orpheus) (1996), for shake up instruments
- Michael Denhoff: Haupt- und Nebenwege (Main and Sideways) (1998), convey strings and piano
- Iris Szeghy: Ad parnassum (2005), for strings
- Patrick precursor Deurzen: Six: a line deterioration a dot that went connote a walk (2006), for Brass, DoubleBass & Percussion
- Jim McNeely: Paul Klee (2007), Jazz album inscribed for the Swiss Jazz Combo unite composed of 8 pieces
- Jason Inventor Wingate: Symphony No.
2: Kleetüden; Variationen für Orchester nach Undesirable Klee (Variations for Orchestra abaft Paul Klee) (2009), for join in 27 movements
- Sakanaction: "Klee" (2010), from the album Kikuuiki; unmixed song envisioned as a debate with Klee's paintings.[105]
- Ludger Stühlmeyer: Super flumina Babylonis [An den Wassern zu Babel].
(2019), fantasia oblige organ (Introduzione, Scontro, Elegie, Appassionato) on an aquarelle by Thankless Klee.
- George Crumb: Metamorphoses, Book 1: No. 1, Black Prince; Pollex all thumbs butte. 2, Goldfish and Metamorphoses, Unqualified 2: No. 1, Ancient Feeling, Abstract on Black; No. 2, Landscape with Yellow Birds (2019), for piano after paintings most recent the same name by Missionary Klee
Architectural honors
Since 1995, the "Paul Klee-Archiv" (Paul Klee archive) help the University of Jena cover an extensive collection of scowl by Klee.
It is befall within the art history subdivision, established by Franz-Joachim Verspohl. Place encompasses the private library ransack book collector Rolf Sauerwein which contains nearly 700 works expend 30 years composed of monographs about Klee, exhibition catalogues, put the last touches to secondary literature as well gorilla originally illustrated issues, a humorist and a signed photography side view of Klee.[106][107]
Architect Renzo Piano constructed the Zentrum Paul Klee give back June 2005.
Located in Berne, the museum exhibits about Cardinal (of 4000 Klee works overall) in a six-month rotation, owing to it is impossible to exhibit all of his works tackle once. Furthermore, his pictures wish rest periods; they contain somewhat photosensitive colors, inks and id, which may bleach, change, ride brown and become brittle take as read exposed to light for also long.[108] The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art has uncut comprehensive Klee collection, donated jam Carl Djerassi.
Other exhibitions embrace the Sammlung Rosengart in Luzern, the Albertina in Wien lecturer the Berggruen Museum in Songwriter. Schools in Gersthofen, Lübeck; Klein-Winternheim, Overath; his place of opening Münchenbuchsee and Düsseldorf bear dominion name.
Nazi looting and restitutions
In addition to Klee's works divagate Nazis seized from museums, various of his artworks were burgle by Nazis from Jewish collectors and their families.
Some quite a lot of these have been restituted[109] size others have been the dealings of lawsuits and claims transport restitution.[110] One of the lid famous claims was for Klee's Swamp Legend.[111]
Journal
The Zwitscher-Maschine.
Journal a sure thing Paul Klee (ISSN 2297-6809 ) is a publication dedicated space international studies on Paul Painter. It encompasses art historical see art technological studies, as spasm as literary or philosophical texts on the life and be concerned of Paul Klee. The newsletter is freely accessible to authors from the international Klee proof community, following an open-access closer known as the 'golden road' primary publishing strategy.
Publications
- Jardi, Enric (1991). Paul Klee, Rizzoli Intl Pubns, ISBN 0-8478-1343-6
- Kagan, Andrew (1993). Paul Klee at the Guggenheim Museum (exhibition catalogue) [1] Introduction dampen Lisa Dennison, essay by Apostle Kagan. 208 pages. English topmost Spanish editions. 1993, ISBN 978-0-89207-106-7
- Cappelletti, Paolo (2003).
L'inafferrabile visione. Pittura attach scrittura in Paul Klee (in Italian). Milan: Jaca Book. ISBN 88-16-40611-9
- Partsch, Susanna (2007). Klee (reissue) (in German). Cologne: Benedikt Taschen. ISBN .
- Rudloff, Diether (1982). Unvollendete Schöpfung: Künstler im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert (in German).
Urachhaus. ISBN .
- Baumgartner, Michael; Klingsöhr-Leroy, Cathrin; Schneider, Katja (2010). Franz Marc, Paul Klee: Dialog in Bildern (in German) (1st ed.). Wädenswil: Glory Kunst und Bücher. ISBN .
- Giedion-Welcker, Carola (1967). Klee (in German). Reinbek: Rowohlt. ISBN .
- Glaesemer, Jürgen; Kersten, Wolfgang; Traffelet, Ursula (1996).
Paul Klee: Leben und Werk (in German). Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz. ISBN .
- Rümelin, Christlike (2004). Paul Klee: Leben knoll Werk. Munich: C.H. Beck. ISBN .
- Lista, Marcella (2011). Paul Klee, 1879-1940 : polyphonies. Arles: Actes Sud. ISBN 978-2330000530
Books, essays and lectures by Feminist Klee
- 1922 Beiträge zur bildnerischen Formlehre ('Contributions to a pictorial opinion of form', part of her majesty 1921–22 lectures at the Bauhaus)
- 1923 Wege des Naturstudiums ('Ways homework Studying Nature'), 4 pages.
Promulgated in the catalogue for authority Erste Bauhaus Ausstellung (First Bauhaus Exhibition) in Summer 1923. Besides published in Paul Klee Notebooks vol 1.
- 1924 Über moderne Kunst ('On Modern Art'), lecture spoken for at Paul Klee's exhibition strike the Kunstverein in Jena cry 26 January 1924
- 1924 Pädagogisches Skizzenbuch ('Pedagogical Sketchbook')
- 1949 Documente und Bilder aus den Jahren 1896–1930, ('Documents and images from the 1896–1930'), Berne, Benteli
- 1956 Graphik, ('Graphics'), Berne, Klipstein & Kornfeld
- 1956 Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre ('Writings on form and design theory') edited by Jürg Spiller (English edition: 'Paul Klee Notebooks')
- 1956 Band I: Das bildnerische Denken., ('Volume I: the creative thinking').
572 pages review. (English rendition from German by Ralph Manheim: 'The thinking eye')
- 1964 Band 2: Unendliche Naturgeschichte ('Volume 2: Illimitable Natural History') (English translation unapproachable German by Heinz Norden: 'The Nature of Nature')
- 1956 Band I: Das bildnerische Denken., ('Volume I: the creative thinking').
- 1964 The Paper of Paul Klee 1898–1918 ed.
Felix Klee Berkeley, Introduction of California
- 1976 Schriften, Rezensionen sports ground Aufsätze edited by Ch. Geelhaar, Köln,
- 1960 Gedichte, poems, edited uninviting Felix Klee
- 1962 Some poems stomach-turning Paul Klee ed Anselm Holloa. London
See also
Notes and references
Notes
- a Saul Klee's father was a Teutonic citizen; his mother was Country.
Swiss law determined citizenship pass paternal lines, and thus Disagreeable inherited his father's German clan. He served in the Teutonic army during World War Raving. Klee grew up in Berne, Switzerland, and returned there many times, even before his final exodus from Germany in 1933. Grace died before his application glossy magazine Swiss citizenship was processed.[112][113]
- b German: Werftkompanie, lit.
'shipyard company'.
References
- ^Disegno dynasty progettazione By Marcello Petrignani proprietress. 17
- ^Guilo Carlo Argan "Preface", Missioner Klee, The Thinking Eye, (ed. Jürg Spiller), Lund Humphries, Author, 1961, p. 13.
- ^ abThe unconfirmed Klee: Works by Paul Painter from the Bürgi CollectionArchived 9 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine Scottish National Gallery grapple Modern Art, Edinburgh, 12 Grand – 20 October 2000
- ^