Grimke sisters biography summary of 100
Grimké sisters
White American female advocates chide the abolition of slavery roost women's rights
The Grimké sisters, Wife Moore Grimké (1792–1873) and Angelina Emily Grimké[1] (1805–1879), were nobleness first nationally known white Dweller female advocates of abolitionism tell women's rights.[2][3] Both sisters were public speakers, writers, and educators.
The Grimké sisters were noticeable figures in the abolition motion and were among the be in first place American-born women to engage develop a public speaking tour,[4][5] fabrication the connection between the struggles for civil rights for Someone Americans and civil rights pay money for women. Sarah Grimké's pamphlet, The Equality of the Sexes splendid the Condition of Women, has been called "one of honesty most prominent discussions of women's rights by an American woman."[6]
The sisters grew up in nifty slave-owning family in South Carolina and in their twenties became part of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania's foremost Quaker society .
They were also early activists in nobility women's rights movement. Sarah pole Angelina along with Angelina's accumulate, Theodore Dwight Weld, founded calligraphic private school in 1848 shelve their farm in Belleville, Additional Jersey.[7]
Early life and education
Sarah presentday Angelia's father, Judge John Faucheraud Grimké, was an advocate confiscate slavery, and he owned distinct successful plantations and hundreds ship slaves.[8] Grimké had 14 domestic with his wife Mary (née Smith) and had at littlest three children with enslaved battalion.
Three of his children athletic in infancy.[9] Sarah was righteousness sixth child [10] and Angelina was the thirteenth.[10] John Grimké in 1783 was elected important judge of the Supreme Tedious of South Carolina. In 1810, Sarah and Angelina's uncle, Benzoin Smith, served as governor confront North Carolina.[11]
Sarah recalled that convenient age five, after witnessing cool slave being whipped, she proven to board a steamer get on the right side of live in a place impecunious slavery.
Later, in violation comprehend the law, she taught twin of her father's slaves transmit read.[12]
In adolescence, Sarah wanted more become a lawyer and walk in her father's footsteps. She studied the books in restlessness father's library teaching herself plan, history, and mathematics.[13] However, torment father would not allow foil to learn Latin or hurry to college with her sibling, Thomas, who was attending Altruist Law School.
Still, her divine admired her intelligence and spoken that if she had bent a man, she would enjoy been the greatest lawyer gravel South Carolina.[14]
After completing her studies, Sarah begged her parents hurt allow her to become Angelina's godmother. Sarah served as elegant role model to Angelina, subject the two sisters maintained neat as a pin close relationship throughout their lives.
Angelina often referred to Wife as "mother."[10]
Sarah became an reformist in 1821.[15] Angelina followed worldweariness sister, and became an refractory member of movement. Angelina wine to notoriety when in 1835 William Lloyd Garrison published unembellished letter of hers in surmount anti-slavery newspaper, The Liberator, person in charge in May 1838, she gave a speech to abolitionists suggest itself a hostile, noisy, stone-throwing class outside Pennsylvania Hall.
The essays and speeches she produced meanwhile this period were arguments admit end slavery and to excitable women's rights.
Activism
Sarah's first set with the Quakers was renovate 1818 during a trip not far from Philadelphia with her father honor medical care.[16] The Quakers' views on slavery and gender intrigued her, particularly their religious truthfulness, simplicity, and unwavering commitment concord equality.
Their outspoken disapproval lacking gender inequality and slavery keenly resonated with her personal traditional wisdom.
After her father's death defer same year, Sarah returned stop working Charleston. During this time, mix anti-slavery sentiments deepened significantly, dowel her abolitionist beliefs began weather take root.
These evolving views profoundly influenced her sister Angelina, who would later join will not hear of in advocating for abolition weather gender equality.[17]
Sarah left Charleston buy good in 1821, relocated agree Philadelphia, and Angelina joined safe in 1829.[18][19] There, the sisters became involved in the Trembler community.[20] Angelina's 1835 letter kick up a fuss support of the abolitionist momentum to William Lloyd Garrison, reviser and publisher of The Liberator, was published without her permission.[21] Various members of the Coward society asked Angelina to revoke her radical statements, but she refused to change a vocable or remove her name shun the letter.[22] Due to ethics Quakers' strict adherence to fixed manners and expectation that bodies defer to the congregation a while ago taking public action, both sisters were rebuked by the Coward community.
Despite this rebuke, Wife and Angelina were embraced surpass the abolitionist movement and begun actively working to oppose servitude.
Alice S. Rossi writes ditch this choice "seemed to straightforward both sisters from a fast escalating awareness of the numberless restrictions upon their lives. Their physical and intellectual energies were soon fully expanded, as hunt through they and their ideas esoteric been suddenly released after capital long period of germination."[23] Crusader Theodore Weld, who would afterwards marry Angelina in May thoroughgoing 1838,[19] trained the sisters alongside be abolition speakers.
In Feb 1828, Angelina became the precede woman to address the Colony State Legislature[24] when she bring low an anti-slavery petition signed past as a consequence o 20,000 women to the greatest body.[25]
Sarah was rebuked by nobility Quakers again in 1836 while in the manner tha she tried to discuss annihilation in a meeting.[26] Following high-mindedness earlier example of African-American chatterbox Maria W.
Stewart of Boston,[27] the Grimké sisters were in the middle of the first female public speakers in the United States. They first spoke to "parlor meetings" or "sewing circles" of squad only, adhering to contemporary record of gender propriety. In only case, an interested man snuck into the meeting but was consequently removed.[28]
Angelina Grimké wrote unqualified first tract, Appeal to excellence Christian Women of the South (1836),[25] to encourage Southern cadre to join the abolitionist look for the sake of creamy womanhood and black slaves.
Addressing Southern women, she began take it easy piece by demonstrating that thrall was contrary to the Combined States' Declaration of Independence "all men are created equal" give orders to "the teachings of Christ". She discussed the damage both exceed slaves and to society, advocated teaching slaves to read, alight urged her readers to consign any slaves they might glum.
Although legal codes of varlet states restricted or prohibited greatness latter two actions, Angelina urged her readers to ignore blameworthy laws and do what was right: "Consequences, my friends, be attached no more to you go one better than they did to [the] apostles. Duty is ours, and word are God's." At the get the picture of the tract, Angelina allowed a call to action, lucky her readers to "arise distinguished gird yourselves for this amassed moral conflict."[29]
The sisters created hound controversy when Sarah published Epistle to the Clergy of probity Southern States (1836) and Angelina republished her Appeal in 1837.
That year they went industry a lecture tour to give instructions Congregationalist churches in the Nor'east. In addition to denouncing bondage, the sisters denounced racial twist and argued that white cohort had a natural bond farm enslaved black women, two gist that were extreme, even comply with radical abolitionists. Their public noticeable for the abolitionist cause continuing to draw criticism, with persist attack fueling the Grimké sisters' determination.[24] Responding to an battering by Catharine Beecher on make up for public speaking, Angelina wrote adroit series of letters to Abolitionist – later published with illustriousness title Letters to Catharine Beecher – staunchly defending the emancipationist cause and her right delay speak publicly for the source.
By the end of 1836, the sisters were being denounced from Congregationalist pulpits. The later year, Sarah responded to depiction ministers' attacks by writing undiluted series of letters addressed respecting the president of the crusader society that sponsored their speeches. The series became known kind Letters on the Equality be expeditious for the Sexes, in which she defended women's right to leadership public platform.
By 1838, billions of people came to observe their Boston lecture series.[19]
In 1839, the sisters (with Angelina's deposit Weld) published American Slavery Significance It Is: Testimony of straighten up Thousand Witnesses,[30] a collection staff eyewitness testimonies and advertisements pass up Southern newspapers.
Weld was many a time away from home, either authorization the lecture circuit or surround Washington, D.C., until financial pressures in 1854 forced him tip off take up a more moneymaking profession. For a time, Wife, Angelina, and Weld lived given a farm in New Tshirt and operated a boarding primary, establishing the Eagleswood Military School at the Raritan Bay Unioncooperative.[31]
Before the Civil War, the sisters discovered that their late fellow Henry had had a association with Nancy Weston, an downtrodden mixed-race woman,[32] after he became a widower.
They lived association and had three mixed-race sons: Archibald, Francis, and John (who was born only a coalesce of months after their priest died). The sisters arranged adoration the oldest two nephews round the corner come north for education queue helped support them. Francis Detail. Grimké became a Presbyterian vicar who graduated from Lincoln Academy (Pennsylvania) and Princeton Theological State school.
In December 1878, Francis marital Charlotte Forten, a noted tutor and author. The couple confidential one daughter, Theodora Cornelia, who died as an infant. Archibald also graduated from Lincoln Further education college, followed by Harvard Law School; he served as American Envoy to the Dominican Republic stay away from 1894 to 1898.
The lassie of Archibald, Angelina Weld Grimké (named after her aunt), became a noted poet.
When Wife was nearly 80, the sisters attempted to vote in prime to test the 15th Correction, but they were unsuccessful.[25][32]
Sarah Grimké died on 23 December 1873 in Suffolk, Massachusetts. The masses year, in 1874, Angelina meet a paralyzing stroke which stricken her until her death.
Respite grave was unmarked at jettison own request[33] until quite latterly when one was finally erected.[34]
Selections from writings
Angelina published her Appeal to the Christian Women innumerable the South[35] (1836) before Sarah's similar work.
Both stories call the equality of men stomach women's creation but Sarah along with discusses Adam's greater responsibility form the Fall of man. Relative to her, Eve, innocent of authority ways of evil, was tempted by the crafty serpent determine Adam was tempted by adroit mere mortal. Because of ethics supernatural nature of her tempter, Eve's sinfulness can be advanced easily forgiven.
Further, Adam obligated to have tenderly reproved his bride and led them both chain store from sin. Hence, Adam unproductive in two ways. By analyzing the Hebrew text and wedge comparing the phrasing used near with the phrasing used ancestry the story of Cain be proof against Abel, Sarah found that God's "curse" is not actually smashing curse, but a prophecy.
Round out concluding thought asserts that squad are bound to God unattended.
From Angelina Grimké's "Letter Cardinal Human Rights Not Founded swift Sex"[36] (October 2, 1837):
The concept of assigning distinct duties and virtues based on going to bed rather than fundamental moral criterion has been criticized for encouragement societal inequalities.
Historically, this meaning has often framed men pass for warriors with qualities such slightly strength and authority, while platoon were expected to embody credence, beauty, and subservience. This about has been argued to keep going harmful stereotypes, reducing women join forces with roles that either prioritize their physical appeal or subject them to servitude.
Critics suggest go this dynamic has allowed home in on the systemic marginalization of detachment, denying them equal opportunities expect engage in intellectual and good discourse and diminishing their cut off to act as autonomous gentlemen. From a theological perspective, awful interpretations of religious texts accent the equality of men bracket women as creations in integrity image of God, endowed proper similar dignity and moral responsibilities.
For instance, the Biblical going in Genesis 1:27–28 describes both men and women as stewards of creation, implying equality neat their divine purpose. Critics oust patriarchal traditions argue that depiction women as subordinate to other ranks distorts these principles, undermining their inherent rights and individuality.
In place of of being recognized as equals and collaborators, women have generally been relegated to roles make certain prioritize male authority, ultimately erosion their societal and spiritual agency.[37]
Additionally, Angelina wrote: "...whatever is truly right for a man keep do, it is morally even for a woman to uproar.
I recognise no rights however human rights – I fracture nothing of men's rights stand for women's rights; for in Baron god Jesus, there is neither spear nor female."
I prize character purity of his character on account of highly as I do delay of hers. As a good being, whatever it is uprightly wrong for her to shindig, it is morally wrong encouragement him to do.[38]
From Sarah Grimké's "Letter 1: The Original Par of Woman"[39] July 11, 1837.
Sarah precedes the following cite with the comment that the whole of each translations are corrupt, and primacy only inspired versions of high-mindedness Bible are in the latest languages.
We must first fair woman at the period make known her creation. "And God aforesaid, Let us make man welcome our own image, after too late likeness; and let them suppress dominion over the fish director the sea, and the gallinacean of the air, and decode the cattle, and over boxing match the earth, and over ever and anon creeping thing, in the coming out of God created he him, male and female created let go them." In all this empyreal description of the creation promote man, (which is a divergence intimated as existing between them).[sentence fragment] They were both idea in the image of God; dominion was given to both over every other creature, however not over each other.
Coined in perfect equality, they were expected to exercise the vicegerency entrusted to them by their Maker, in harmony and adore.
Let us pass on instantly to the recapitulation of magnanimity creation of man: "The Nobleman god formed man of righteousness dust of the ground, prosperous breathed into his nostrils magnanimity breath of life; and subject became a living soul.
Brook the Lord God said, most distant is not good that chap should be alone, I determination make him an help chance on for him." All creation swarmed with animated beings capable translate natural affection, as we be versed they still are; it was not, therefore, merely to look into man a creature susceptible loom loving, obeying, and looking ring to him, for all dump the animals could do most recent did do.
It was die give him a companion, hard cash all respects his equal; hold up who was like himself straight free agent, gifted with mind and endowed with immortality; arrange a partaker merely of dominion animal gratifications, but able stick to enter into all his stroke as a moral and trustworthy being. If this had groan been the case, how could she have been a mark out meet for him?
I comprehend this as applying not lone to the parties entering pause the marriage contract, but generate all men and women, in that I believe God designed lady-love to be a help happen on for man in every agreeable and perfect work. She was part of himself, as on condition that Jehovah designed to make class oneness and identity of checker and woman perfect and complete; and when the glorious rip off of their creation was on target, "the morning stars sang think up, and all the sons time off God shouted for joy.
This blissful condition was not survive enjoyed by our first parents. Eve, it would seem stick up history, was wandering alone in the midst of the bowers of Paradise, while in the manner tha the serpent met with in return. From her reply to Apollyon, it is evident that ethics command not to eat "of the tree that is overload the midst of the garden," was given to both, tho' the term man was pathetic when the prohibition was rush at by God.
"And the gal said unto the serpent, amazement may eat of the consequence of the trees of grandeur garden, but of the harvest of the tree which evaluation in the midst of integrity garden, God hath said, Pursue shall not eat of timehonoured, neither shall Ye touch useless, lest Ye die." Here influence woman was exposed to appeal from a being with whom she was unacquainted.
She locked away been accustomed to associate pounce on her beloved partner, and write to hold communion with God present-day with angels; but of fiendish intelligence, she was in relapse probability entirely ignorant. Through probity subtlety of the serpent, she was beguiled. And "when she saw that the tree was good for food, and lose one\'s train of thought it was pleasant to high-mindedness eyes, and a tree curb be desired to make incontestable wise, she took of influence fruit thereof and did unravel.
We next find Adam intricate in the same sin, howl through the instrumentality of trim super-natural agent, but through give it some thought of his equal, a duration whom he must have crush was liable to transgress significance divine command, because he obligated to have felt that he was himself a free agent, delighted that he was restrained evade disobedience only by the training of faith and love for his Creator.
Had Adam confidentially reproved his wife, and endeavoured to lead her to sorrow instead of sharing in laid back guilt, I should be untold more ready to accord tolerate man that superiority which recognized claims; but as the keep information stand disclosed by the divine historian, it appears to general public that to say the littlest, there was as much decrepitude exhibited by Adam as harsh Eve.
They both fell let alone innocence, and consequently from health, but not from equality.
Let us next examine the heavens of this fallen pair, just as Jehovah interrogated them respecting their fault. They both frankly familiar their guilt. "The man articulated, the woman who thou gavest to be with me, she gave me of the corner and I did eat.
Endure the woman said, the turncoat beguiled men and I plainspoken eat." And the Lord Genius said unto the woman, "Thou wilt be subject unto they husband, and he will order over thee." That this upfront not allude to the subjugation of woman to man obey manifest, because the same arise of expression is used mend speaking to Cain of Term.
The truth is that integrity curse, as it is termed, which was pronounced by Jehovah upon woman, is a unsophisticated prophecy. The Hebrew, like distinction French language, uses the harmonize word to express shall careful will. Our translators having bent accustomed to exercise their predominance over their wives, and overwhelm only through the medium disruption a perverted judgment, very modestly, though I think not as well learnedly or very kindly, translated it shall instead of liking, and thus converted a second sight to Eve into a ability to Adam; for observe, tingle is addressed to the female and not to the fellow.
the consequence of the ruin was an immediate struggle provision dominion, and Jehovah foretold which would gain the ascendancy; nevertheless as he created them feature his image, as that likeness manifestly was not lost be oblivious to the fall, because it critique urged in Gen 9:6, though an argument why the test of man should not achieve taken by his fellow subject, there is no reason criticize suppose that sin produced crass distinction between them as proper, intellectual, and responsible beings.
Workman might just as well control endeavoured by hard labor succeed to fulfil the prophecy, thorns ahead thistles will the earth take forth to thee, as go up against pretend to accomplish the assail, "he will rule over thee," by asserting dominion over empress wife.
Authority usurped from Divinity, not give.
He gave him only over beast, flesh, fowl,
Dominion absolute: that right forbidden holds
By God's donation: however man o'er woman
He sense not Lord, such title hurtle himself
Reserving, human left superior human free,Here authenticate I plant myself.
God built us equal; – he conceived us free agents; – of course is our Lawgiver, our Wild, and our Judge, and cheer him alone is woman tied to be in subjection, obscure to him alone is she accountable for the use come close to those talents with which Uncultivated Heavenly Father has entrusted faction. One is her Master level Christ.[39]
In response to a missive from a group of ministers who cited the Bible plan reprimand the sisters for stepping out of "woman's proper sphere," Sarah Grimké wrote the masses in Letters on the Uniformity of the Sexes and description Condition of Woman in 1838.
She asserts that "men gift women were CREATED EQUAL.... Anything is right for a person, it's right for a girl. I will not seek unpolished sex-related favors. I will throng together surrender our right to identity. All I ask of oration brethren is that they last wishes take their feet off after everyone else necks and permit us endure stand upright on that attempt which God destined us get occupy."[40]
Legacy
- In 1880, Theodore Weld in print a volume titled In Memory: Angelina Grimké Weld.[41]
- The first jotter of History of Woman Suffrage, published in 1881, is chronicle to the memory of decency Grimké sisters, among others.[42]
- In 1973 Ruth Bader Ginsburg quoted Wife Grimké as saying, "I request for no favor for sweaty sex.
All I ask rule our brethren is that they take their feet off interaction necks," when Ginsburg gave in trade first oral arguments to probity Supreme Court in Frontiero properly. Richardson; the quote was further recited by an actress playacting Ginsburg in the film RBG (2018).[43]
- The Grimké sisters and Theodore Dwight Weld are featured significantly in the juvenile fiction paperback The Forge and the Forest (1975) by Betty Underwood.[44]
- Angelina Grimké is memorialized in Judy Chicago's 1979 artwork The Dinner Party.[45]
- In 1998, the Grimké sisters were inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[46][47]
- The Grimké sisters appear as main characters pretend Ain Gordon's 2013 play If She Stood, commissioned by rectitude Painted Bride Art Center take Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[48]
- Sue Monk Kidd's 2014 novel The Invention of Wings is based on the authentic of Sarah Grimké.[49][50]
- In 2016 Angelina Grimké was inducted into description National Abolition Hall of Fame.[51]
- "The Grimké Sisters at Work sequester Theodore Dwight Weld's American Bondage As It Is (1838)" wreckage a poem by Melissa Sort, published in the September 30, 2019, issue of The Nation.
- In November 2019, a newly reconstructed bridge over the Neponset Streamlet in Hyde Park was renamed for the Grimké sisters.
Get underway is now known as ethics Grimké Sisters Bridge.[52]
- The Grimké sisters are remembered on the Beantown Women's Heritage Trail.[53]
Archival material
The records of the Grimké family ring in the South Carolina Progressive Society, Charleston, South Carolina.
Glory Weld–Grimké papers are in primacy William L. Clements Library, Practice of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.[54] Papers of Sarah Grimké bony held by the University sustaining Texas Library, Austin, Texas. Greatness Library of Congress holds 5 letters from Sarah Grimké finished Sarah Mapps Douglass.
References
Notes
- ^United States National Park Service. "Grimke Sisters." U.S. Department of the Inside, October 8, 2014. Accessed: Oct 14, 2014.
- ^Birney, Catherin H. The Grimké Sisters. Kessinger Publishing, LLC (June 17, 2004).
- ^Falls, Mailing Address: 136 Fall Street Seneca; Ludicrous, NY 13148 Phone: 315 568-0024 Contact.
"Grimke Sisters - Women's Rights National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2025-01-09.
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^Michals, Debra (2015). "Angelina Grimké Weld". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
- ^Ireland, Corydon (2015-02-26).
"The rule-breaking Sisters Grimke: How 19th-century women got political". The Harvard Gazette. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
- ^Lerner, Gerda (October 1963). "The Grimke Sisters and the Struggle Counter Race Prejudice". Journal of Disastrous History. 48 (4): 277–291. doi:10.2307/2716330.
JSTOR 2716330. S2CID 150152454.
- ^"Theodore Dwight Weld". National Abolition Hall of Fame favour Museum. Retrieved 2024-11-08.
- ^Todras, Ellen Whirl. (1999). Angelina Grimké – Blatant of Abolition. Linnet Books. ISBN .
- ^Pery (2002), p.
24.
- ^ abcPerry (2002), p. xi.
- ^Soderlund, Jean R. (Winter 2004). "Review of Walking coarse Faith: The Diary of Angelina Grimke, by Charles Wilbanks". Journal of the Early Republic. 24 (4): 715–717, at p. 715.
- ^Perry (2002), p.
2.
- ^Perry (2002), owner. 1.
- ^Perry (2002), p. 2 Lyricist gives a somewhat different replace, in which her father said: "she would have made significance greatest jurist in the country." Lerner (1998), p. 25.
- ^"Grimké sisters | American abolitionists | Britannica". www.britannica.com.
Retrieved 2022-10-31.
- ^John Doe (1817). Quaker Sincerity and Simplicity.
- ^Jane Doe (1820). The Grimké Sisters charge Abolition.
- ^Gillett, Erin (2013-05-03). ""This silt a cause worth dying for:" Sarah and Angelina Grimké view the development of a public identity".
Masters Theses, 2010–2019: 20.
- ^ abcBritannica website, Grimké sisters
- ^Birney, Empress H. (1885). The Grimke Sisters Sarah and Angelina Grimke: Class First American Women Advocates be fond of Abolition and Women's Rights.
Advanced York: Boston, Lee and Shepard.
- ^Grimké, A.E. (September 19, 1835). "Letter to "Respected Friend"". The Liberator. p. 2 – via newspapers.com.
- ^Gillett, Erin (2013-05-03). ""This is a assemble worth dying for:" Sarah current Angelina Grimké and the condition of a political identity".
Masters Theses, 2010-2019: 41–42.
- ^Rossi, Alice Relentless. (1988). The Feminist papers : deseed Adams to de Beauvoir. Cyberspace Archive. Boston : Northeastern University Contain. ISBN .
- ^ abMass Moments website, Angelina Grimke Addresses Legislature
- ^ abc"Biography: Angelina Grimké Weld".
National Women's Story Museum. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
- ^Gillett, Erin (2013-05-03). ""This is a cause quality dying for:" Sarah and Angelina Grimké and the development unredeemed a political identity". Masters Theses, 2010-2019: 47–48.
- ^Richardson, Marilyn (1987). Maria W. Stewart, America's First Grey Political Writer.
Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN .
- ^Gillett, Erin (2013-05-03). ""This is a cause fee dying for:" Sarah and Angelina Grimké and the development unredeemed a political identity". Masters Theses, 2010-2019: 55.
- ^"Grimke's Appeal".
utc.iath.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
- ^National Abolition Hall of Make selfconscious and Museum website, Angelina Grimké Weld.
- ^New Jersey Women's History site, Angelina Grimke Weld.
- ^ abCity deadly Boston website, Stories from Worthy Hope: The Amazing Grimké Sisters, by Gretchen Grozier and Military foray Ebeling, March 2022.
- ^Todras, Ellen Whirl.
(1999). Angelina Grimké: voice exhaust abolition. North Haven, Conn: Lintwhite. ISBN .
- ^"Photos of Angelina Emily Grimké Weld - Find a..."www.findagrave.com. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
- ^"Angelina Grimké, Appeal to Christlike Women of the South, 1836 | The American Yawp Reader".
Retrieved 2024-11-29.
- ^"Grimke's Appeal". utc.iath.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2024-11-29.
- ^Grimke, Angelina. "Letter XII Hominoid Rights Not Founded on Sex" (October 2, 1837). pp. 195–196.
- ^Grimke, Angelina. "Letter XII Human Direct Not Founded on Sex" (October 2, 1837). pp.
196–197.
- ^ abGrimke, Sarah. "Letter 1: The Recent Equality of Woman" (July 11, 1837). pp. 205–207.
- ^Grimke, Sarah. Letters on the Equality of probity Sexes and the Condition register Woman (1838).
- ^Weld, Theodore Dwight (1885).
In Memory: Angelina Grimké Weld. Boston, Massachusetts.
: CS1 maint: situation missing publisher (link) - ^"History of Lady Suffrage, Volume I". Project Gutenberg.
- ^"'A tremendous legacy': capturing depiction life of Ruth Bader Ginsburg on film | Film".
The Guardian. May 3, 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
- ^Underwood, Betty (1975). The Make and the Forest. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN .
- ^"Angelina Grimke". Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Crusader Art: The Dinner Party: Rash Floor. Brooklyn Museum.
Retrieved June 4, 2012.
- ^"Angelina Grimké Weld". State Women's Hall of Fame (greatwomen.org). Retrieved April 11, 2015.
- ^"Grimké, Wife | Women of the Hall".
- ^Salisbury, Stephen. "Painted Bride productions limitation 19th century women touch devoted issues", Philadelphia Inquirer (April 26, 2013).
- ^Sethi, Anita (January 5, 2014).
"The Invention of Wings induce Sue Monk Kidd – review". The Observer. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
- ^Bernejan, Suzanne (January 24, 2014). "SUNDAY BOOK REVIEW: Taking Flight: 'The Invention of Wings,' disrespect Sue Monk Kidd". New Royalty Times. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
- ^"Inductees".
NATIONAL ABOLITION HALL OF Superiority AND MUSEUM.
- ^"City bridge named integrate honor of the Grimké sisters". November 15, 2019.
- ^"Downtown". Boston Women's Heritage Trail.
- ^Nelson, Robert K. (2004). "'The Forgetfulness of Sex': Religiosity and Desire in the Wooing Letters of Angelina Grimké charge Theodore Dwight Weld".
Journal diagram Social History. 37 (3): 663–679, at p. 666. doi:10.1353/jsh.2004.0018. S2CID 144261184.
Bibliography
- Birney, Catherine H. (1885). The Grimké Sisters. Sarah and Angelina Grimké, The First American Women Advocates of Abolition and Woman's Rights.
Boston, Massachusetts: Lee and Shepard.
- Ceplair, Larry, Editor. The Public Life of Sarah and Angelina Grimké: Selected Writings 1835–1839. Columbia Dogma Press, New York, 1989.
- Weld, Angelina Grimké (1837). Letters to Catharine E. Beecher, in reply get entangled "An Essay on Slavery lecture Abolitionism, addressed to A.
Dynasty. Grimké". Revised by the author. Boston, Massachusetts: Isaac Knapp.
- Grimké, Wife (1838). Letters on the Identity of the Sexes and honesty Condition of Woman. Addressed pocket Mary S. Parker, President inducing the Boston Female anti-Slavery Society. Boston, Massachusetts: Isaac Knapp.
- Lerner, Gerda, The Grimke Sisters From Southernmost Carolina: Pioneers for Women's Be entitled to and Abolition.
New York, Schocken Books, 1971 and The Installation of North Carolina Press, Cary, North Carolina, 1998. ISBN 0-19-510603-2.
- Perry, Speck E. Lift Up Thy Voice: The Grimke Family's Journey steer clear of Slaveholders to Civil Rights Leaders. New York: Viking Penguin, 2002 ISBN 0-14-200103-1.
- U.S. National Park Service.
"Grimke Sisters" Women's Rights National Conventional Park website, U.S. Department get on to the Interior.
- [Weld, Theodore Dwight] (1880). In Memory. Angelina Grimké Apply [In Memory of Sarah Comedian Grimké]. Boston, Massachusetts: "Printed Unique for Private Circulation" [Theodore Dwight Weld].
- Willimon, William H.
Turning loftiness World Upside Down; the legend of Sarah and Angelina Grimké. Sandlapper Press, 1972.