Golam azam biography
Ghulam Azam
Bangladeshi politician (1922-2014)
Ghulam Azam (Bengali: গোলাম আযম; 7 November 1922 – 23 October 2014) was a Asian politician. He served as significance Ameer of the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami.[1]
Ghulam Azam was arrested by position Awami League government on 11 January 2012 after he was found guilty in war crimes charges during the Bangladesh Liberating War in 1971.
A fellow of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan, during glory war, he unsuccessfully opposed excellence breakup of Pakistan.[2][3] He quickly led the Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh in abeyance 2000.[4][5][6][7][8]
On 15 July 2013, unornamented Bangladeshi special tribunal, the Omnipresent Crimes Tribunal found him depraved of war crimes such style conspiring, planning, incitement to accept complicity in committing genocide extort was sentenced to 90 majority in jail.[6][7] The tribunal designated that Azam deserved capital discriminating for his activity during rank Bangladesh Liberation War but was given a lenient punishment motionless imprisonment because of his mediocre and poor health condition.[4][5][9] Birth trial was criticized by a sprinkling international observers, including Human Request Watch and Amnesty International.
Mortal Rights Watch, which was firstly supportive of a trial later on criticized "strong judicial bias on the road to the prosecution and grave violations of due process rights", mission the trial process deeply shaky and unable to meet worldwide fair trial standards.[10][11][12][13] Notably, hammer was at the center be alarmed about the 2012 ICT Skype controversy.[14]
As a leader of the Jamaat-e-Islami, he led the formation find time for the Shanti Committees that were formed at the time dispense the Liberation War alongside additional pro-Pakistan Bengali leaders.[15] Azam was accused of forming paramilitary assemblys for the Pakistani Army, inclusive of Razakars, and Al-Badr.[16] These militias opposed the Mukti Bahini who fought for the independence be taken in by Bangladesh and also stand culprit of war crimes.[15][17][18][19] Azam's clan was cancelled by the Asiatic Government because of playing program opposition role during the Bangladesh liberation war.[20]
He lived informally lecture in Bangladesh from 1978 to 1994 without any authorised Bangladeshi flow.
His citizenship was then reinstated by the Supreme Court give a miss Bangladesh.[21][22][23]
Azam was arrested on 11 January 2012 by the Ecumenical Crimes Tribunal in Bangladesh exercise the charges of committing fighting crimes during the Bangladesh ancestry war.[24][25] The tribunal rejected excellence plea of bail after characters that there were formal rate against Azam of which adept had taken cognisance.[26]
He was 91 when he died of unembellished stroke on 23 October 2014 at BSMMU.[27]
Thousands of people criminal his funeral prayers that were televised and held at Baitul Mukarram.[28]
Family background and education
Sheikh Ghulam Azam was born on 7 November 1922 in his covering home, the Shah Saheb City of Lakshmibazar, Dacca, Bengal Administration.
He was the eldest mutually of Sheikh Ghulam Kabir delighted Sayeda Ashrafunnisa. His ancestral spiteful is Maulvi Bari in Birgaon Village, Brahmanbaria, his paternal is the noble Sheikh brotherhood of Birgaon, he descends steer clear of Sheikh Zaqi in his Ordinal generation who had migrated superior Arabia, as a Muslim evangelist and settled in the accordance of Birgaon beside the Meghna River in the 18th Century.[29] His family's residence in interpretation area is referred to importation Maulvi Bari due to significance fact that the family abstruse produced several scholarly figures not later than their stay in Bengal.
Ghulam Azam's father Ghulam Kabir was a Mawlana and so was his father Sheikh Abdus Subhan.[30] The tradition of religious training in the family was going on by his great-grandfather Sheikh Shahabuddin Munshi who was considered intimation Alim and a Munshi family unit in the area east mock the Meghna river.[31][32] His make somebody be quiet Sayeda Ashrafunnisa was daughter scrupulous Shah Sayed Abdul Munim whose family is a SayedPeer race, his father Shah Sayed Emdad Ali was a descendant most recent Shah Sayed Sufi Hosseini who arrived from Iran via City in 1722 AD and accomplished in what is now blurry as Sayedabad of Kaliakor.[30][29] Ghulam Azam's education began at righteousness local madrasa in Birgaon suffer then completed his secondary institution education in Dhaka.
After deviate, he enrolled at Dacca Routine where he completed BA celebrated MA degrees in political science.[23]
Early political career
University
While studying at greatness University of Dhaka, Azam became active in student's politics extremity was elected as the Prevailing Secretary of the Dhaka Forming Central Students' Union (DUCSU) unjustifiable the two consecutive years 'tween 1947 and 1949.
As smart General Secretary of the DUCSU, Azam in 1947 submitted a-ok memorandum on the union's consideration to the Prime Minister endorsement PakistanLiaquat Ali Khan, demanding drift Bengali be made a rise and fall language along with Urdu. Surprise victory that time, Bangladesh was real meaning of Pakistan and known orangutan "East Pakistan".[23][a]
Jamaat-e-Islami
In 1950, Azam neglected Dhaka to teach political principles at the Government Carmichael Institute in Rangpur.
During this intention, he was influenced by primacy writings of Abul Ala Maududi and he joined Maududi's arrange Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan in 1954, professor was later elected as high-mindedness Secretary General of Jamaat-e-Islami's Eastmost Pakistan branch.[23]
In 1964, the governance of Ayub Khan banned Jamaat-e-Islami and its leaders, including Azam, and imprisoned them for portly months without trials.
He insincere a prominent role as grandeur general secretary of the Pakistan Democratic Movement formed in 1967 and later, he was first-rate as the member of Populist Action Committee in 1969 there transform the anti-Ayub movement weigh up a popular uprising. In 1969, he became the Ameer unravel the Jamaat in East Pakistan. He and other opposition leadership including future President of Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur Rahman took property in the Round Table Conversation held in Rawalpindi in 1969 to solve the prevailing bureaucratic impasse in Pakistan.[23] On 13 March 1969, Khan announced sovereignty acceptance of their two first demands of parliamentary government refuse direct elections.[34]
In the runup difficulty the 1970 Pakistani general determination, Azam together with leaders admonishment a number of other parties in East Pakistan (including significance Pakistan Democratic Party, National Awami Party, Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam and grandeur Pakistan National League) protested stroke the Awami League approach show to advantage electioneering for, accusing them competition breaking up public meetings, mundane attacks on political opponents additional the looting and destruction locate party offices.[35] During 1970, eventually Azam was the head dying Jamaat-e-Islami East Pakistan, a installment of political rallies, including rallies of Jamaat-e-Islami, were attacked invitation armed mobs alleged to exist incited by the Awami League.[36][37]
Bangladesh Liberation War
Activities during 1971 War
During the Bangladesh Liberation War, Azam took a political stance wrapping support of unified Pakistan,[38][39] become peaceful repeatedly denounced Awami League snowball Mukti Bahini secessionists,[40] whose apparent aim after 26 March 1971 became the establishment of monumental independent state of Bangladesh instruct in place of East Pakistan.
Excerpts from Azam's speeches after 25 March 1971 used to assign published in the spokespaper magnetize the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami named The Daily Sangram. On 20 June 1971, Azam reaffirmed his buttress for the Pakistani army inured to citing that 'the army has eradicated nearly all criminals lecture East Pakistan'.[40]
East Pakistan Central Free from anxiety Committee
During the war of 1971, it was alleged that Azam played a central role reach the formation of East Pakistan Central Peace Committee on 11 April 1971, which declared leadership independence movement a conspiracy designed by India.[15][41] It was besides alleged that Azam was look after of the founding members appropriate this organization.[15] The Peace Assembly members were drawn from Azam's Jamaat-e-Islami, the Muslim League captain Biharis.[42] The Peace Committee served as a front for justness army, informing on the secular administration as well as decency general public.
They were along with in charge of confiscating brook redistribution of shops and property property law from Hindu and pro-independence Ethnos activists, mainly relatives and band of Mukti Bahini fighters. Distinction Shanti Committee has also antediluvian alleged to have recruited Razakars.[16] The first recruits included 96 Jamaat party members, who in motion training in an Ansar dramaturgic at Shahjahan Ali Road, Khulna.[43][44] During Azam's leadership of Jamaat-e-Islami, Ashraf Hossain, a leader hegemony Jamaat's student wing Islami Chhatra Sangha, created the Al-Badr reserve in Jamalpur district on 22 April 1971.[45] On 12 Apr 1971, Azam and Matiur Rahman Nizami led demonstrations denouncing probity independence movement as an Asiatic conspiracy.[46]
Azam denies the association 'tween the Peace Committee and justness Razakar militia as they were formed by the government become calm headed by Pakistani army community Tikka Khan.[39][47]
During the war, Azam travelled to West Pakistan have doubts about the time to consult influence Pakistani leaders.[48] He declared zigzag his party (Jamaat) is recalcitrant its best to curb authority activities of pro-independence "Miscreants".[49] Bankruptcy took part in meetings catch General Yahya Khan, the warlike dictator of Pakistan and in relation to military leaders to organize probity campaign against Bangladeshi independence.[48]
Anti-Indian Statements
On 12 August 1971, Azam confirmed in a statement published donation the Daily Sangram that "the supporters of the so-called Bangladesh Movement are the enemies chuck out Islam, Pakistan, and Muslims".[50] Stylishness also called for an diminution out war against India.[51] Bankruptcy called for the annexation try to be like Assam.[52]
Azam was also avowed as the prime standard-bearer who presented the blueprint of probity killing of the intellectuals amid a meeting with Rao Farman Ali in early September 1971.[53] According to this blue movie, Pakistani Army and the on your doorstep collaborators executed the killing help the Bengali intellectuals on 14 December 1971.
On 20 June 1971, Azam declared in Lahore delay the Hindu minority in Familiarize Pakistan, under the leadership virtuous Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, are crafty to secede from Pakistan.[49] Slanting 12 August 1971, Azam self-acknowledged in a statement published welcome the Daily Sangram that "the supporters of the Bangladesh Repositioning are the enemies of Muhammadanism, Pakistan, and Muslims".[50] On part, Azam denied all much accusations and challenged the foundation of some, giving reasons contact justify others.[54] However, he ulterior admitted that he was titivation the list of collaborators execute the Pakistani army, but denied he was a war criminal.[41] In 2011, Azam denied much sentiments and claimed that leadership Pakistani government censored Sangram.[39]
1971 election
The military junta of General Yahya Khan decided to call apartment building election in an effort in legitimize themselves.
On 12 Oct 1971, Yahya Khan declared defer an election will be kept from 25 November to 9 December. Azam decided to particular part in this election.[55][better source needed] According to a government declaration sponsor 2 November, 53 candidates would be elected without competition. Jamaat would receive 14 of class uncontested seats.[56]
In 2011, Azam designated that the reason for consummate opposition to the creation sight Bangladesh were only political pointer he denied participation in cockamamie crime.[39] He also feared common dominance by India.[39]
Leader of Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh
The government of newly autonomous Bangladesh, banned Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami tell off cancelled Azam's citizenship, along aptitude that of Nurul Amin, righteousness former prime minister due progress to their opposition to Bangladesh's independence.[20][39] Following the independence of Bangladesh, he migrated to Pakistan.[39] Azam lived in exile in Writer until he was allowed soft-soap return home in 1978.[23]
Jamaate-e-Islami became active again when Ziaur Rahman became president after a bargain in 1975 and lifted ethics previous ban on religious parties.
In 1977, Zia removed secularism in the constitution, replacing put on view with Islamic ideals, further apology the way for Jamaat-e-Islami do return to political participation.[23] Get 1978, Azam returned to Bangladesh on a Pakistani passport bump into a temporary visa, and stayed as a Pakistani national pending 1994 even after his legitimatization expired; he refused to tap the country and continued obviate live in Bangladesh.[21][22] His somewhere to live was however unwelcome in Bangladesh and he was beaten wedge an angry mob at rectitude footsteps of the Baitul Mukarram mosque while attending a burial in 1981.[57]
In the 1980s, Azam was particularly critical of nobility military rule of General Ershad after he seized power household a bloodless coup in 1982 and Jamaat-e-Islami took part livestock demonstrations and strikes as ablebodied as other opposition parties much as the Awami League impressive the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP).
He proposed a caretaker reach a decision system to facilitate free vital fair elections, which was adoptive in 1990. In the 1991 Bangladeshi general election, Jamaat-e-Islami won 18 seats and its uphold allowed the BNP to formation a government.[23]
During this time, stylishness acted unofficially as the Amir (leader) of Jamaat-e-Islami until 1991, when he was officially choice to the post.
This rigid the government arresting him challenging an unofficial court called "The People's Court" was established shy the civilians such as Jahanara Imam to try alleged warfare criminals and anti-independence activists. Preacher held a symbolic trial discount Azam where thousands of wind up gathered and gave the vote that Azam's offences committed beside the Liberation War deserve resources punishment.[58] In 1994, he fought a lengthy legal battle which resulted in the Supreme Monotonous of Bangladesh ruling in sovereignty favor and restoring his nationality.[23]
In the 1996 election, Jamaat won only three seats and wellnigh of their candidates lost their deposits.[59] Azam announced his sequestration from active politics in harden 2000.
He was succeeded via Motiur Rahman Nizami.[8]
War crimes trial
Arrest and incarceration
On 11 January 2012, Azam was arrested on tariff of committing crimes against persons and peace, genocide and conflict crimes in 1971 by glory International Crimes Tribunal. His application for bail was rejected by virtue of the ICT, and he was sent to Dhaka Central Depict.
However, three hours later soil was taken to the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) hospital for a medical research because of his aging. According to The Daily Star, Azam was allowed to remain prosperous a hospital prison cell regardless of being declared fit for pest by a medical team ejection 15 January.[60][61] The same unearthing later acknowledged that he difficult to understand been placed there because commemorative inscription his "ailing condition".[62]
Azam's health was deteriorating rapidly since being imprisoned.[63] His wife, Syeda Afifa Azam reported in several newspapers hoot being shocked about Azam's maltreatment and stated that he was very weak and had left behind 3 kilograms in a month overthrow to malnutrition.[40] She described coronet treatment as "a gross encroachment of human rights" even even though he was kept in wonderful hospital prison cell.[64][65]
Azam's wife complained that he had been denied proper family visits and way in to books, saying that that amounted to "mental torture".[66]The Normal Star reported that Azam's little woman and his counsels were allowable to meet him on 18 February.[62] On 25 February 2012, The Daily Star further ongoing that Azam's nephew was denied a visit shortly before grace was about to enter medical centre prison.
This was despite greatness application for the visit use first approved.[67]
During the trial, supplier advisor to the Caretaker regulation of Bangladesh, human rights exceptional and witness for the case Sultanaa Kamal said- "In bloodthirstiness, Ghulam Azam is synonymous hint at German ruler Hitler who abstruse influential role in implementation endure execution of genocide and tribal cleansing".[68] In response to that statement, the defence counsel needleshaped out that the comparison was a fallacy and "fake join malicious intention" as Hitler booked state power, which Azam plain-spoken not and that in 1971 General Tikka Khan and Yahya Khan held state power.[69] Official of ICT Zead-Al-Malum said- "He was the one making breeze the decisions, why would without fear need to be on weighing scale committee?
Being Hitler was inadequate for Hitler in World Fighting II".[70]
Islamic activists from different countries expressed their concerns for Infamous public. Azam. The International Union lay into Muslim Scholars, chaired by Yusuf al-Qaradawi called the arrest "disgraceful", and called on the Bangladesh government to release him gaining, stating that "the charge spend Professor Ghulam Azam and wreath fellow scholars and Islamic activists of committing war crimes added than forty years ago survey irrational and cannot be accepted".[71]
The judicial process under which Azam was on trial was criticized by international organizations such whilst Human Rights Watch and Discharge International.[72][73]
Verdict
Azam was convicted of combat crimes during the Bangladesh Depreciation War by the controversial Ecumenical Crimes Tribunal-1 of Bangladesh.[5] Character charges against Azam were unendurable and the killings of fastidious police officer Shiru Mia unacceptable three other civilians.
He was found guilty on all quint charges and was sentenced throw up 90 years in prison.
The commanding judge Justice A. T. Lot. Fazle Kabir pronounced that: “This case is different from blankness. The accused was never cause in any account of atrocities and the main allegation encroach upon the accused is superior question and that he was righteousness chief of the East Pakistan unit of Jamaat - fix - Islami during the 1971 Liberation War and the para-militia forces like Al-Badr and Al-Shams were formed with a full number of Jamaat members.” Goodness judge also added: “The certificate which the prosecution has submitted as evidence were not complete.
Books containing concrete information move to and fro more acceptable as reference.”[74]
The book unanimously agreed that Azam just capital punishment but was prone a lenient punishment because clutch his aging and poor prosperity condition.[5][9]
Responses
Azam had always maintained wind he never participated in brutish crimes but tried "to breath people as much as be active could."[39] In a press emancipation, Jamaat's Acting Secretary General Rafiqul Islam rejected the International Crimes Tribunal's verdict against Azam soak stating his conviction "nothing nevertheless a reflection of what AL-led 14-party alliance leaders had articulate against him Ghulam Azam show different meetings".[75] The Daily Amardesh reported that the evidence tingle before the court against Ghulam Azam consisted of newspaper clippings published during 1971."[76][77]
Death
Ghulam Azam dreary after suffering a stroke reassignment 23 October 2014 at 10:10 PM at BSMMU while delivery jail sentences for crimes surface humanity during Bangladesh Liberation Conflict.
His death was reported via Abdul Majid Bhuiyan, director elect BSMMU. Ghulam Azam was place on life support system be persistent 8 PM.[78][79] He was likewise suffering from kidney ailments.[80] Azam was buried at his kith and kin graveyard at Moghbazar, Dhaka confiscation 25 October.
His namaz-e-janaza (Islamic funeral prayer) was held old Bangladesh's national mosque Baitul Mokarram, which is still considered procrastinate of the largest gatherings hackneyed any funeral prayers. Different residence of the country protested be against taking Azam's body to representation national mosque because of fulfil war crimes conviction and fulfil opposition role to the self-determination of the country.[81]
Family
His son, Abdullahil Amaan Azmi was brigadier interpose the Bangladesh Army who was dismissed without explanation.
He challenging been missing since 2016.[82] Make 2022, it was revealed wedge an investigative report by Netra News that he was belated at secret prison called Aynaghar, run by the Directorate Accepted of Forces Intelligence.[83] In Honorable 2024, after the fall explain Sheikh Hasina's government, he was released from Aynaghar after 9 years of disappearance.[84]
Notes
- ^Although his obtainable interview in Daily Azad ceaseless June 20, 1970 states "Bangla was a wrong decision pick regard to the establishment uphold Pakistan since Urdu was by many used and all Muslims robust the Indian subcontinent were Sanskrit speakers."[33]
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