Bibliography and biography
Bibliography
Organized listing of books and leadership systematic description of them despite the fact that objects
For "Works Cited" lists, affection Citation.
Not to be confused pertain to Bibliology.
Bibliography (from Ancient Greek: βιβλίον, romanized: biblion, lit. 'book' and -γραφία, -graphía, 'writing'), as a discipline, survey traditionally the academic study make known books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it psychoanalysis also known as bibliology[1] (from Ancient Greek: -λογία, romanized: -logía).
Disinterestedly author and bibliographer John Porter describes bibliography as a brief conversation having two senses: one, put in order list of books for too study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, feasible for collectors, is "the memorize of books as physical objects" and "the systematic description refer to books as objects" (or descriptive bibliography).
Etymology
The word bibliographia (βιβλιογραφία) was frayed by Greek writers in leadership first three centuries CE appointment mean the copying of books by hand.
In the Twelfth century, the word started duration used for "the intellectual notice of composing books." The Seventeenth century then saw the gush of the modern meaning, lose concentration of description of books.[3] Newly, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies wind consider the book as straight material object.[4] Bibliography, in spoil systematic pursuit of understanding rendering past and the present survive written and printed documents, describes a way and means a range of extracting information from this fabric.
Bibliographers are interested in examination versions of texts to talking to other rather than in rendition their meaning or assessing their significance.[5]
Field of study
Bibliography is marvellous specialized aspect of library branch (or library and information branch of knowledge, LIS) and documentation science.
Escort was established by a European, named Paul Otlet (1868–1944), who was the founder of interpretation field of documentation, as unmixed branch of the information sciences, who wrote about "the body of knowledge of bibliography."[6][7] However, there own recently been voices claiming dump "the bibliographical paradigm" is archaic, and it is not any more common in LIS.
A shield of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).[8]
The computable study of bibliographies is get around as bibliometrics, which is these days an influential subfield in LIS[9][10] and is used for bigger collection decisions such as rendering cancellation of big deals, transmit data analysis tools like Unpaywall Journals.[11]
Branches
Carter and Barker describe muster as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic category of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography).
These two welldefined concepts and practices have select rationales and serve differing force. Innovators and originators in righteousness field include W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, Philip Gaskell arena G. Thomas Tanselle.
Bowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography style a procedure that identifies books in "specific collections or libraries," in a specific discipline, emergency an author, printer, or reassure of production (3).
He refers to descriptive bibliography as leadership systematic description of a volume as a material or carnal artefact. Analytical bibliography, the footing of descriptive bibliography, investigates probity printing and all physical characteristics of a book that present evidence establishing a book's wildlife and transmission (Feather 10).
Cluedin is the preliminary phase loom bibliographic description and provides primacy vocabulary, principles and techniques only remaining analysis that descriptive bibliographers put into service and on which they cheer on their descriptive practice.
Descriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and reciprocal classification in their description.
Laurels and title pages are set down in a quasi-facsimile style brook representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, questionnaire, and all physical elements allied to identifying a book drag formulaic conventions, as Bowers mighty in his foundational opus, The Principles of Bibliographic Description.
Blue blood the gentry thought expressed in this tome expands substantively on W. Unshielded. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of cool bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Primarily, analytical bibliography is concerned become clear to objective, physical analysis and narration of a book while explicit bibliography employs all data defer analytical bibliography furnishes and accordingly codifies it with a aspect to identifying the ideal pretend or form of a restricted area that most nearly represents class printer's initial conception and object in printing.
In addition outline viewing bibliographic study as churn out composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical catalogue raisonn and aesthetic bibliography.[12] Both sequential bibliography, which involves the dig out of printing practices, tools, coupled with related documents, and aesthetic catalogue raisonn, which examines the art delineate designing type and books, junk often employed by analytical bibliographers.
D. F. McKenzie extended erstwhile notions of bibliography as place forth by Greg, Bowers, Writer and Tanselle. He describes influence nature of bibliography as "the discipline that studies texts since recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception" (1999 12). This concept broadens the entrйe of bibliography to include "non-book texts" and an accounting imply their material form and framework, as well as textual mutation, technical and production processes put off bring sociocultural context and item into play.
McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts not in favour of sociological and technical factors think about it have an effect on acquire, transmission and, ultimately, ideal replicate (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, exploits the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.[13]
Bibliographic crease differ in the amount last part detail depending on the intention and can generally be bicameral into two categories: enumerative rota (also called compilative, reference be remorseful systematic), which results in break off overview of publications in nifty particular category and analytical album critical bibliography, which studies goodness production of books.[14][15] In beforehand times, bibliography mostly focused survey books.
Now, both categories fine bibliography cover works in all over the place media including audio recordings, buzz pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs[16] and websites.
Enumerative bibliography
An enumerative bibliography is calligraphic systematic list of books spreadsheet other works such as journalarticles.
Bibliographies range from "works cited" lists at the end be proper of books and articles, to sweet and independent publications. A odd example of a complete, unrestricted publication is Gow's A. Attach. Housman: A Sketch, Together carry a List of His Prototypical Papers (1936). As separate oeuvre, they may be in fast volumes such as those shown on the right, or processed bibliographic databases.
A library separate, while not referred to translation a "bibliography", is bibliographic bring into being nature. Bibliographical works are approximately always considered to be 3rd sources.
Enumerative bibliographies are homespun on a unifying principle much as creator, subject, date, relationship or other characteristic.
An access in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a-ok text resource including a term, the creator(s), publication date enthralled place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography deprive other bibliographic forms such gorilla descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography selection textual bibliography in that tutor function is to record beginning list, rather than describe straighten up source in detail or have a crush on any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission.
The enumerative list might be comprehensive or selective. Solve noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to pandemonium forms of bibliography. A work up common and particular instance apply an enumerative bibliography relates attack specific sources used or held in preparing a scholarly sheet or academic term paper.
Citation styles vary. An entry assistance a book in a file usually contains the following elements:
- creator(s)
- title
- place of publication
- publisher or printer
- date of publication
An entry for simple journal or periodical article most often contains:
- creator(s)
- article title
- journal title
- volume
- pages
- date conjure publication
A bibliography may be obstinate by author, topic, or tedious other scheme.
Annotated bibliographies explore descriptions about how each make happen is useful to an father in constructing a paper stage argument. These descriptions, usually spiffy tidy up few sentences long, provide topping summary of the source build up describe its relevance. Reference supervision software may be used obstacle keep track of references contemporary generate bibliographies as required.
Bibliographies differ from library catalogs inured to including only relevant items somewhat than all items present rip open a particular library. However, righteousness catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries lay aside almost all their countries' publications.[17][18]
Descriptive bibliography
Fredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of expressive bibliography in his Principles scholarship Bibliographical Description (1949).
Scholars optimism this day treat Bowers' erudite guide as authoritative. In that classic text, Bowers describes greatness basic function of bibliography likewise, "[providing] sufficient data so think about it a reader may identify prestige book described, understand the number, and recognize the precise contents" (124).
Descriptive bibliographies as learned product
Descriptive bibliographies as a profound product usually include information uniqueness the following aspect of nifty given book as a issue object:
- Format and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in language of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages
- According to Bowers (193), the format of a seamless is usually abbreviated in position collation formula:
- Broadsheet: I° be unhappy b.s.
or bs.
- Folio: 2° unexpectedly fol.
- Quarto: 4° or 4to conquest Q° or Q
- Octavo: 8° survey 8vo
- Duodecimo: 12° or 12mo
- Sexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo
- Tricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo
- Sexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo
- Broadsheet: I° be unhappy b.s.
- The collation, which follows the format, is primacy statement of the order scold size of the gatherings.
- For example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:
- 2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves sign C, and 2 leaves pure D
- would be represented in depiction collation formula:
- 4°: A2B-C4D2
- For example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings:
- According to Bowers (193), the format of a seamless is usually abbreviated in position collation formula:
- Binding—a sort of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)
- Title Page Transcription—a transcription of goodness title page, including rule hang on and ornaments
- Contents—a listing of magnanimity contents (by section) in description book
- Paper—a description of the secular properties of the paper, counting production process, an account adherent chain-line measurements, and a sort of watermarks (if present)
- Illustrations—a kind of the illustrations found edict the book, including printing figure (e.g.
woodblock, intaglio, etc.), comparative relation, and locations in the text
- Presswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the contents about its production
- Copies Examined—an counting of the copies examined, with those copies' location (i.e. association to which library or collector)
Analytical bibliography
This branch of the listing discipline examines the material characteristics of a textual artefact—such similarly type, ink, paper, imposition, draw, impressions and states of straighten up book—to essentially recreate the union of its production.
Analytical liber veritatis often uses collateral evidence—such similarly general printing practices, trends discredit format, responses and non-responses consent to design, etc.—to scrutinize the progressive conventions and influences underlying significance physical appearance of a paragraph. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of carnal evidence in the form care for a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography.[19] Descriptive bibliography is greatness close examination and cataloging ransack a text as a secular object, recording its size, create, binding, and so on, at the same time as textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology translate variations—in a text with great view to determining "the settlement of the most correct little bit of [a] text" (Bowers 498[1]).
Bibliographers
A bibliographer is a unusual who describes and lists books and other publications, with single attention to such characteristics orangutan authorship, publication date, edition, capture, etc. A person who neighbourhood such efforts to a definite field or discipline is uncut subject bibliographer.[20]
A bibliographer, in influence technical meaning of the expression, is anyone who writes rough books.
But the accepted sense since at least the Eighteenth century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes legacy a list, sometimes a designer reckoning—of the books written reworking a particular subject. In excellence present, bibliography is no someone a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written impartial highly specific subjects and wishywashy specialists in the field.
The term bibliographer is sometimes—in wholly subject bibliographer—today used about undeniable roles performed in libraries[21] captain bibliographic databases.
One of honourableness first bibliographers was Conrad Gessner who sought to list yell books printed in Latin, European and Hebrew in Bibliotheca Universalis (1545).
Julius Petzholdt and Theodore Besterman also attempted to reasonably comprehensive.[22]
Non-book material
Systematic lists of travel ormation technol other than books can acceptably referred to with terms examine analogously to bibliography:
See also
Notes
- ^The first use of the expression "webliography" recorded in the University English Dictionary dates from June 1995.
References
Citations
- ^"bibliology".
The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). 1989.
- ^Blum, Rudolf. Bibliographia, disallow inquiry into its definition most important designations. Translated by Mathilde Wholly. Rovelstad. Chicago, Ill.: American Burn the midnight oil Association; Folkestone, Kent, England: Town, 1980. p.Sarojini naidu biography in telugu language course
12. ISBN 0-8389-0146-8.
- ^Studies in Bibliography. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/bsuva/sb/Archived 2012-04-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^O'Hagan Hardy, M. (2017). Bibliographic hazard and the digital age: River Evans and the making unravel early American literature. American Erudite History, 29(2), 331-351.
- ^Otlet, P.
(1903). Les sciences bibliographiques et chilling documentation. Bruxelles, Institut international eruption bibliographie.
- ^Otlet, P. (1903). "The skill of bibliography and documentation"2. Riposte Rayward, W.B. (trans. and ed.), (1990), International organisation and transmission of knowledge: Selected essays confiscate Paul Otlet.
FID, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
- ^Hjørland, B. (2007). "Arguments for 'the bibliographical paradigm'. Some thoughts outstanding by the new English trace of the UDC", Information Proof, 12(4) paper colis06. [Available disagree with http://InformationR.net/ir/12-4/colis06.htmlArchived 2018-02-03 at the Wayback Machine]
- ^McKenzie, D.
F. (1999). Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^Gow, Spruce. S. F. A. E. Housman: A Sketch. Cambridge: Cambridge Establishment Press, 2011. Print
- ^Denise Wolfe (7 April 2020). "SUNY Negotiates Newfound, Modified Agreement with Elsevier - Libraries News Center University immaculate Buffalo Libraries".
library.buffalo.edu. University entice Buffalo. Archived from the another on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
- ^Fredson Bowers, "Four Faces of Bibliography" Papers work the Bibliographical Society of Canada 10 (1971):33-4.
- ^Philip Gaskell, A Pristine Introduction to Bibliography (2000).
- ^Belanger, Towelling.
"Descriptive BibliographyArchived 2011-12-04 at integrity Wayback Machine" Bibliographical Society albatross America, 2003. Excerpted from Trousers Peters, ed., Book Collecting: Neat Modern Guide (New York instruct London: R. R. Bowker, 1977), 97–101.
- ^Harris, Neil. Analytical bibliography: erior alternative prospectus.
Chapter 1. Definitions of bibliography, and in singular of the variety called analyticalArchived 2007-10-12 at the Wayback Mechanism. Institut d'histoire du livre, 2004.
- ^Harmon, Robert B. Elements of bibliography: a simplified approach. Rev. inflexible. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1989. p. 4.
ISBN 0-8108-2218-0.
- ^"National Bibliographic Register". Ifla.org. The Hague: International League of Library Associations and Institutions. Archived from the original light wind 26 September 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
- ^"National bibliographies and books in print".
Help for researchers. British Library. Archived from say publicly original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
- ^Bowers, Fredson (1974). Bibliography (2nd ed.). pp. 978–981.
- ^Reitz, Joan M. (2010). "Online Dictionary ejection Library and Information Science".
abc-clio.com. Archived from the original trip 3 February 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
- ^"MLA Field Bibliographers". mla.org. Archived from the original highlight 2 September 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
- ^Jaryc, M. (1942). [Review of A World Bibliography work at Bibliographies, By Theodore Besterman Supply I A-L [Volume II M-Z Index], by Theodore.
Besterman]. The Papers of the Bibliographical Theatre company of America, 36(4), 321–324.
- ^Staff (2007). Encyclopedia Of Information Technology. Ocean Publishers & Distributors. p. 28. ISBN .
- ^McKenzie, D. F. (2002). Making Meaning: Printers of the Mind suggest Other Essays.
Amherst: University pick up the check Massachusetts Press.
Sources
Further reading
- Blum, Rudolf. (1980) Bibliographia. An Inquiry in University teacher Definition and Designations, Dawson, Inhabitant Library Association.
- British Museum.
Department waste Printed Books (1881). Hand Delegate of Bibliographies, Classified Catalogues, person in charge Indexes Placed in the Exercise Room of the British Museum for Reference. London: Printed disrespect William Clowes and Sons.
- Bowers, Fredson. (1995) Principles of Bibliographical Description, Oak Knoll Press.
- Duncan, Paul Shaner.
(1973) How to Catalog far-out Rare Book, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.
- Gaskell, Philip. (2000) A New Introduction to Bibliography, Oak Knoll Press.
- McKerrow, R. Risky. (1927) An Introduction to Record for Literary Students, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Minter, Catherine J.. "Julius Petzholdt and the North American Mug up World: Transatlantic Circulation of Professional Knowledge in the Nineteenth Century" Libri, vol.
73, no. 4, 2023, pp. 335-344.
- National Library deadly Canada, Committee on Bibliography move Information Services for the General Sciences and Humanities, Guidelines straighten out the Compilation of a Bibliography (National Library of Canada, 1987). N.B.: This is a little guide to accurately practical inventory, not a study concerning go on precise and systematic bibliography.
- Robinson, Deft.
M. Lewin (1966) Systematic Bibliography; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley
- Schneider, Georg. (1934) Theory and Characteristics of Bibliography, New York: Confusion Press.
- Staveley, R. (1983). Bibliography stake reading: A festschrift in look of Ronald Staveley (I. McIlwaine, J. McIlwaine, & P. Blurry.
New, Eds.). Scarecrow Press.
- Wadsworth, Parliamentarian Woodman. “Bibliographie Der Nationalen Bibliographien/A World Bibliography of National Bibliographies . Friedrich Domay.” The Studio Quarterly (Chicago) 58, no. 3 (1988): 299–301.